A study of high lift aerodynamic devices on commercial aircrafts
Abstract
Aerodynamic performance of aircraft wings vary with flight path conditions and depend on efficiency of high lift systems. In this work, a study on high lift devices and mechanisms that aim to increase maximum lift coefficient and reduce drag on commercial aircraft wings is discussed. Typically, such extensions are provided to main airfoil along span wise direction of wing and can increase lift coefficient by more than 100% during operation. Increasing the no of trailing edge flaps in chord wise direction could result in 100% increment in lift coefficient at a given angle of attack but leading edge slats improve lift by delaying the flow separation near stall angle of attack. Different combinations of trailing edge flaps used by Airbus, Boeing and McDonnel Douglas manufacturers are explained along with kinematic mechanisms to deploy them. The surface pressure distribution for 30P30N airfoil is evaluated using 2D vortex panel method and effects of chord wise boundary layer flow transitions on aerodynamic lift generation is discussed. The results showed better agreements with experiment data for high Reynolds number (9 million) flow conditions near stall angle of attack.
Keyword : flap, slat, aircraft wing, high lift, aerofoil, drag, pressure
How to Cite
Neigapula, S. N. V., Maddula, S. P., & Nukala , V. B. (2020). A study of high lift aerodynamic devices on commercial aircrafts. Aviation, 24(3), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2020.12815
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Pascioni, K. A., Cattafesta, L. N., & Choudhari, M. (2014). An experimental investigation of the 30P-30N multi-element high lift airfoil. 20th AIAA/CEAS Aero-acoustics Conference. Atlanta, Georgia. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-3062
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Reckzeh, D. (2008). Aerodynamic design of theA400M high lift system. 26th International congress of the aeronautical sciences. Anchorage, Alaska, Canada.
Reckzeh, D. (2004). Aerodynamic design of airbus high-lift wings in a multidisciplinary environment. European Congress on computational methods in applied sciences and engineering. ECCOMAS.
Rudolph, C. K. P. (1996). High lift systems on commercial subsonic airliners. NASA Contractor Report 4746 –A463474LD (LAS).
Sankar, L. N., Liu, Y., Englar, R. J., & Ahuja, K. K. (2001). Numerical simulations of steady and unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of a circulation control wing airfoil. American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-704
Struber, H. (2014). The aerodynamic design of the A350 XWB -900 high lift system. 29th Congress of International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences. St Petersburg, Russia. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1270-9638(02)00002-0
Van Dam, C. P. (2002). The aerodynamic design of multielement high lift systems for transport airplanes. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 38(2), 101–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-0421(02)00002-7
White, F. M. (2011). Fluid mechanics (7th Ed.). McGraw Hill Publishers.
Xuguo, Q., Peiqing, L., & Qiulin, Q. (2009). Aerodynamics of a multi-element airfoil near ground. Journal of Tsinghua Science and Technology, 14(S2), 94–99. ISSN 1007-0214.
Zaccai, D., & Bertels, F. & Vos, R. (2016). Design methodology for trailing edge high lift mechanisms. 5th CEAS Air & Space Conference. Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-016-0202-7
Zhang, X., Qu, Q., & Agarwal, R. K. (2017). Computations of flow fields of an aerofoil and a wing with Gurney flap in ground effect. AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Kissimmee, Florida. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-4466
Alsahlan, A. A., & Rahulan, T. (2017). Aerofoil design for unmanned high altitude aft-swept flying wings. Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, 9(3), 335. https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v9i3.838
Bertels, F. G. A. (2012). Design framework for flap system kinematics; a knowledge-based engineering application (Master thesis). Delft University of Technology.
Bhargava, V., Dwivedi, Y. D., & Rao, P. M. V. (2017). Analysis of multi-element airfoil configurations: a numerical approach. MOJ Applied Bionics and Biomechanics, 1(2), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojabb.2017.01.00012
Bhargava, V., Samala, R., & Anumula, C. (2019a). Prediction of broadband noise from symmetric and cambered airfoils. IN-CAS Bulletin, 11(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2019.11.1.3
Bhargava, V., Rahul, S., & Maddula, S. P. (2019b, June). Empirical method of determining vortex induced aerodynamic noise from wind turbine blades: A computational approach. Paper presented at the 48th International congress and exhibition on noise control engineering. Madrid, Spain. https://doi.org/10.3849/aimt.01295
Bhargava, V., Kasuba, S., Maddula, S. M., Jagadish, D., Khan, Md. A., Padhy, C. P., Chinta, H. P., Chekuri, C. S. V., & Dwivedi, Y. D. (2020). A case study of wind turbine loads and performance using steady state analysis of BEM. International Journal of Sustainable Energy. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2020.1787411
Catalano, F. M., Ceron, E. D., & Greco, P. C. (2012). Trailing edge treatment to enhance high lift system performance. 28th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS). Turkey.
Chernyshev, S. L., Iyapunov, V. S., & Wolkov, A. V. (2019). Modern problems of aircraft aerodynamics. Advances in Aerodynamics, 1, 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42774-019-0007-6
Choudhari, M., Murayama, M., Nakakita, K., Yamamoto, K., Hiroki, U., & Ito, Y. (2014). Experimental study of slat noise from 30P30N three element high lift airfoil in JAXA hard wall low speed wind tunnel. 20th AIAA/CEAS Aero-acoustics Conference. Atlanta, GA. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-2080
Catalano, F. M., Ceron, E. D., & Greco, P. C. (2012). Trailing edge treatment to enhance high lift system performance. 28th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS). Brisbane, Australia.
Deng, N., Qu, Q., & Agarwal, R. K. (2018). Numerical study of aerodynamics of rectangular multi-element wing in ground effect. Applied aerodynamics conference. Atlanta, Georgia. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-4115
Dong, L., & Zhang, Z. (2012, 23–28 September). Numerical investigation of flow over multi element airfoils with lift enhancing tabs. 28th international Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences. Brisbane, Australia.
Dwivedi, Y. D., Bhargava, V., Rao, P. M. V., & Donepudi, J. (2019). Aerodynamic performance of micro-aerial wing structures at low Reynolds number. INCAS Bulletin, 11(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2019.11.1.8
FAA. (2019). Standard airworthiness certification regulations part 25: airworthiness standards: transport category airplane. https://www.faa.gov/aircraft/
Haroon, K. (2011). The airline pilots forum and resource, principles of flight. https://www.theairlinepilots.com/forum
Haughton, E., & Carpenter, S. (2013). Aerodynamics for engineering students (6th ed.). Elsevier publishers.
Heap, H. & Crowther, B. (2011). A review of current leading edge device technology and of options for innovation based on flow control. University of Manchester, UK.
Hess, J. L. & Smith, A. M. (1967). Calculation of potential flow about arbitrary bodies. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 8, 1–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-0421(67)90003-6
Huang, X. (2019). A theoretical study of serrated leading edges in aerofoil and vortical gust interaction noise. Advances in Aerodynamics, 1, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42774-019-0010-y
Husse, O. (2006). Best practices for fuel economy. ICAO Operational Measures Workshop. Montreal.
IATA. (2019). Jet fuel price monitor. IATA publication. https://www.iata.org/en/publications/economics/fuel-monitor/
Jain, S., Sitaram, N., & Krishnaswamy, S. (2015). Computational investigations on the effects of Gurney flap on airfoil aerodynamics. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/402358
Jawahar, H. K., Azarpyevand, M., & Carlos, R. S. (2017). Experimental investigation of flow around three element high lift airfoil with Morphing Fillers. 23rd AIAA/CEAS Aero-Acoustics Conference. Denver, Colorado. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-3364
Jain, R., & Mohammad, U. (2018). CFD approach of Joukowski airfoil (T = 12%), comparison of its aerodynamic performance with NACA airfoils using k-ε turbulence model with 3 million Reynolds number. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(10), 1414–1418.
Liebeck, R. H. (1978). Design of subsonic aerofoils for High lift. Journal of Aircraft, 15(9). https://doi.org/10.2514/3.58406
Lockhard, P. D., & Choudhari, M. (2010). The effect of cross flow on slat noise. 16th AIAA/CEAS Aero-acoustics Conference. Stockholm, Sweden. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-3835
Lockhard, D., & Choudhari, M. (2009). Noise radiation from a leading slat. 15th AIAA/CEAS aero-acoustics conference. Miami, Florida, US. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-3101
Nukala, V., & Maddula, S. P (2020). Influence of rotor solidity on trailing edge noise from wind turbine blades. Advances in Aerodynamics, 2(15). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42774-020-00036-9
NASA Glenn Research Centre. (2019). Shed Vortex. Aerodynamics Index – Beginners Guide. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/
Oerlemans, S. (2009). Detection of aeroacoustic sound sources on aircraft and wind turbines (Doctoral thesis). University of Twente, Enschede. ISBN 978-90-806343-9-8.
Pascioni, K. A., Cattafesta, L. N., & Choudhari, M. (2014). An experimental investigation of the 30P-30N multi-element high lift airfoil. 20th AIAA/CEAS Aero-acoustics Conference. Atlanta, Georgia. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-3062
Rahman, A. H. A., Mohd, N. A. R. N., Lazim, T. M., Mansor, Sh. (2017). Aerodynamics of harmonically oscillating aerofoil at low Reynolds number. Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, 9(1), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v9i1.610
Reckzeh, D. (2008). Aerodynamic design of theA400M high lift system. 26th International congress of the aeronautical sciences. Anchorage, Alaska, Canada.
Reckzeh, D. (2004). Aerodynamic design of airbus high-lift wings in a multidisciplinary environment. European Congress on computational methods in applied sciences and engineering. ECCOMAS.
Rudolph, C. K. P. (1996). High lift systems on commercial subsonic airliners. NASA Contractor Report 4746 –A463474LD (LAS).
Sankar, L. N., Liu, Y., Englar, R. J., & Ahuja, K. K. (2001). Numerical simulations of steady and unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of a circulation control wing airfoil. American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-704
Struber, H. (2014). The aerodynamic design of the A350 XWB -900 high lift system. 29th Congress of International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences. St Petersburg, Russia. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1270-9638(02)00002-0
Van Dam, C. P. (2002). The aerodynamic design of multielement high lift systems for transport airplanes. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 38(2), 101–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-0421(02)00002-7
White, F. M. (2011). Fluid mechanics (7th Ed.). McGraw Hill Publishers.
Xuguo, Q., Peiqing, L., & Qiulin, Q. (2009). Aerodynamics of a multi-element airfoil near ground. Journal of Tsinghua Science and Technology, 14(S2), 94–99. ISSN 1007-0214.
Zaccai, D., & Bertels, F. & Vos, R. (2016). Design methodology for trailing edge high lift mechanisms. 5th CEAS Air & Space Conference. Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-016-0202-7
Zhang, X., Qu, Q., & Agarwal, R. K. (2017). Computations of flow fields of an aerofoil and a wing with Gurney flap in ground effect. AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Kissimmee, Florida. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-4466