Pollution assessment and source approximation of trace elements in the farmland soil near the trafficway
Abstract
The traffic related environmental pollution problems have attracted a lot of attention. In this study, contents of eight trace elements along with Fe and Mn in the farmland soil near a trafficway of Suzhou, Anhui province, China have been measured for the pollution assessment and source identification (along with quantification). The results show that iron is the most abundant element, followed by manganese, zinc, chromium, nickel, copper, lead, arsenic, cobalt and cadmium. They have coefficients of variation range between 0.028 and 0.281, indicating that some of them might have multi-sources. The pollution indexes (including single pollution, geo-accumulation and the Nemerow composite indexes) indicate that the soil samples are slightly polluted. Multivariate statistical analyses (including correlation, cluster and factor analyses) have identified three sources (geogenic, traffic and agriculture related) responsible for the elemental concentrations in the soils. Moreover, the EPA Unmix model have calculated their mean contributions to be 33.4%, 33.2% and 33.3%, respectively.
Keyword : soil pollution, trace elements, source approximation, traffic, agriculture
How to Cite
Sun, L. (2020). Pollution assessment and source approximation of trace elements in the farmland soil near the trafficway. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 28(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2020.11745
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Huamain, C., Chunrong, Z., Cong, T. U., & Yongguan, Z. (1999). Heavy metal pollution in soils in China: status and countermeasures. Ambio, 28(2), 130-134.
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Huang, Z. P., Xu, B., & Zhang, K. Q. (2007). Spatial variability and accumulation of Cr and Ni in farmland soil of swine wastewater applied. Ecology and Environment, 16(6), 16941699.
Islam, M. S., Ahmed, M. K., Raknuzzaman, M., Habibullah-AlMamun, M., & Islam, M. K. (2015). Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment: a preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country. Ecological Indicators, 48, 282-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.016
Ji, C., Cao, L., & Li, F. (2015). Toxicological evaluation of two pedigrees of clam Ruditapes philippinarum as bioindicators of heavy metal contaminants using metabolomics. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 39(2), 545-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2015.01.004
Lang, Y. H., & Yang, W. (2014). Source apportionment of PAHs using Unmix model for Yantai costal surface sediments, China. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 92(1), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-013-1164-7
Lewis, C. W., Norris, G. A., Conner, T. L., & Henry, R. C. (2003). Source apportionment of Phoenix PM2. 5 aerosol with the Unmix receptor model. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 53(3), 325-338. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2003.10466155
Li, R., Zhao, W., Li, Y., Wang, W., & Zhu, X. (2015). Heavy metal removal and speciation transformation through the calcination treatment of phosphorus-enriched sewage sludge ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 283, 423-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.052
Liang, J., Chen, C., Song, X., Han, Y., & Liang, Z. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in soil and plants from Dunhua sewage irrigation area. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 6(11), 5314-5324.
Lin, Y. P., Teng, T. P., & Chang, T. K. (2002). Multivariate analysis of soil heavy metal pollution and landscape pattern in Changhua county in Taiwan. Landscape and Urban planning, 62(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00094-4
Linde, M., Bengtsson, H., & Öborn, I. (2001). Concentrations and pools of heavy metals in urban soils in Stockholm, Sweden. Water, Air and Soil Pollution: Focus, 1(3-4), 83-101. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017599920280
Maiz, I., Arambarri, I., Garcia, R., & Millan, E. (2000). Evaluation of heavy metal availability in polluted soils by two sequential extraction procedures using factor analysis. Environmental Pollution, 110(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00287-0
Mehdi, M. R., Kim, M., Seong, J. C., & Arsalan, M. H. (2011). Spatio-temporal patterns of road traffic noise pollution in Karachi, Pakistan. Environment International, 37(1), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.003
Mei, J., Li, Z., Sun, L., Gui, H., & Wang, X. (2011). Assessment of heavy metals in the urban river sediments in Suzhou City, northern Anhui Province, China. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10, 2547-2553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.396
MOT. (2017). Statistical bulletin on transportation industry development in 2017, China. Logistics and Procurement in China, 11, 51-55.
Praveena, S. M., Ahmed, A., Radojevic, M., Abdullah, M. H., & Aris, A. Z. (2008). Heavy metals in mangrove surface sediment of Mengkabong lagoon, Sabah: multivariate and geoaccumulation index approaches. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2(2), 139-148.
Radu, T., & Diamond, D. (2009). Comparison of soil pollution concentrations determined using AAS and portable XRF techniques. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 171(1-3), 11681171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.062
Sarkar, D., Datta, R., & Hannigan, R. (2011). Concepts and applications in environmental geochemistry (Vol. 5). Elsevier.
Shao, L., Xiao, H. Y., Wu, D. S., & Tang, C. G. (2012). Review on research on traffic-related heavy metals pollution. Earth and Environment, 40(3), 445-459.
Sun, H., Zhu, L., & Zhou, D. (2018). POLSOIL: research on soil pollution in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 1-3.
Sun, L., & Feng, S. (2019). Heavy metals in the surface soil around a coalmine: pollution assessment and source identification. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28(4), 2717-2724. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/94052
Sun, L., Liu, X., & Cheng, C. (2016a). Quality evaluation of water from subsidence area and controlling factor analysis: Zhuxianzhuang case study. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 15(3), 1035-1040.
Sun, L., Peng, W., & Cheng, C. (2016b). Source estimating of heavy metals in shallow groundwater based on UNMIX Model: a case study. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 45(6), 756-762.
Sun, L., Xie, Z., & Guo, C. (2014). Environmental baseline of iron and aluminum in surface soil: a case study based on statistical and spatial analyses. International Journal of Earth Sciences & Engineering, 7(5), 1937-1942.
Tóth, G., Hermann, T., Da Silva, M. R., & Montanarella, L. (2016). Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the European Union with implications for food safety. Environment International, 88, 299-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.017
Wang, G. L., Li, L. K., Hao, M. D., & Zhang, M. (2010). Effects of long-term fertilization on heavy-metal contents of soil and environmental quality evaluation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 24(3), 60-63.
Wang, N. (2019). Study and analysis of sources of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil. China Metal Bulletin, 1, 289-290.
Zechmeister, H. G., Hohenwallner, D., Riss, A., & Hanus-Illnar, A. (2005). Estimation of element deposition derived from road traffic sources by using mosses. Environmental Pollution, 138(2), 238-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.005
Zheng, Y. M., Chen, H., Chen, T. B., Zheng, G. D., Wu, H. T., & Zhou, J. L. (2003). Spatial distribution pattern of Cr and Ni in soils of Beijing. Quaternary Sciences, 23(4), 436-445.
Zupančič, N. (1999). Lead contamination in the roadside soils of Slovenia. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 21(1), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006539626650
Alsbou, E. M. E., & Al-Khashman, O. A. (2018). Heavy metal concentrations in roadside soil and street dust from Petra region, Jordan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6409-1
Antisari, L. V., Orsini, F., Marchetti, L., Vianello, G., & Gianquinto, G. (2015). Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in urban gardens. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35(3), 1139-1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0308-z
Arojojoye, O. A., Oyagbemi, A. A., & Afolabi, J. M. (2018). Toxicological assessment of heavy metal bioaccumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers in Clarias gariepinus from Igbokoda River of South Western Nigeria. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 100, 765-771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2341-5
Carslaw, D. C. (2005). Evidence of an increasing NO2/NOx emissions ratio from road traffic emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 39(26), 4793-4802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.06.023
CEPA. (1990). Elemental background values of soils in China. Beijing: Environmental Science Press of China.
Chen, T. B., Wong, J. W. C., Zhou, H. Y., & Wong, M. H. (1997). Assessment of trace metal distribution and contamination in surface soils of Hong Kong. Environmental Pollution, 96(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00003-1
Chen, T. B., Zheng, Y. M., Lei, M., Huang, Z. C., Wu, H. T., Chen, H., Fan, K. K., Yu, K., Wu, X., & Tian, Q. Z. (2005). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China. Chemosphere, 60(4), 542-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.072
Chon, H. T., Kim, K. W., & Kim, J. Y. (1995). Metal contamination of soils and dusts in Seoul metropolitan city, Korea. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 17(3), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00126082
Cobelo-Garcı́a, A., & Prego, R. (2004). Influence of point sources on trace metal contamination and distribution in a semienclosed industrial embayment: the Ferrol Ria (NW Spain). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 60(4), 695-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2004.03.008
Dai, J., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, R., & Yu, Y. (2008). Distributions, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil at Ji’nan city, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 147(1-3), 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0123-3
De Silva, S., Ball, A. S., Huynh, T., & Reichman, S. M. (2016). Metal accumulation in roadside soil in Melbourne, Australia: effect of road age, traffic density and vehicular speed. Environmental Pollution, 208, 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.032
Duruibe, J. O., Ogwuegbu, M. O. C., & Egwurugwu, J. N. (2007). Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 2(5), 112-118.
Grande, J. A., Borrego, J., & Morales, J. A. (2000). A study of heavy metal pollution in the Tinto-Odiel estuary in southwestern Spain using factor analysis. Environmental Geology, 39(10), 1095-1101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002549900080
Guo, G. H., Chen, T. B., Song, B., Yang, J., Huang, Z. C., Lei, M., & Chen, Y. C. (2007). Emissions of heavy metals from road traffic and effect of emitted lead on land contamination in China: a primary study. Geographical Research, 26(5), 922930.
Han, Y., Cao, J., & Posmentier, E. S. (2006). Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi’an, Central China. Science of the Total Environment, 355(1-3), 176186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.02.026
Harrison, R. M., Tilling, R., Romero, M. S. C., Harrad, S., & Jarvis, K. (2003). A study of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the roadside environment. Atmospheric Environment, 37(17), 2391-2402. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00122-5
Huamain, C., Chunrong, Z., Cong, T. U., & Yongguan, Z. (1999). Heavy metal pollution in soils in China: status and countermeasures. Ambio, 28(2), 130-134.
Huang, Y., Li, T., Wu, C., He, Z., Japenga, J., Deng, M., & Yang, X. (2015). An integrated approach to assess heavy metal source apportionment in peri-urban agricultural soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 299, 540-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.041
Huang, Z. P., Xu, B., & Zhang, K. Q. (2007). Spatial variability and accumulation of Cr and Ni in farmland soil of swine wastewater applied. Ecology and Environment, 16(6), 16941699.
Islam, M. S., Ahmed, M. K., Raknuzzaman, M., Habibullah-AlMamun, M., & Islam, M. K. (2015). Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment: a preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country. Ecological Indicators, 48, 282-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.016
Ji, C., Cao, L., & Li, F. (2015). Toxicological evaluation of two pedigrees of clam Ruditapes philippinarum as bioindicators of heavy metal contaminants using metabolomics. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 39(2), 545-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2015.01.004
Lang, Y. H., & Yang, W. (2014). Source apportionment of PAHs using Unmix model for Yantai costal surface sediments, China. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 92(1), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-013-1164-7
Lewis, C. W., Norris, G. A., Conner, T. L., & Henry, R. C. (2003). Source apportionment of Phoenix PM2. 5 aerosol with the Unmix receptor model. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 53(3), 325-338. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2003.10466155
Li, R., Zhao, W., Li, Y., Wang, W., & Zhu, X. (2015). Heavy metal removal and speciation transformation through the calcination treatment of phosphorus-enriched sewage sludge ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 283, 423-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.052
Liang, J., Chen, C., Song, X., Han, Y., & Liang, Z. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in soil and plants from Dunhua sewage irrigation area. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 6(11), 5314-5324.
Lin, Y. P., Teng, T. P., & Chang, T. K. (2002). Multivariate analysis of soil heavy metal pollution and landscape pattern in Changhua county in Taiwan. Landscape and Urban planning, 62(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00094-4
Linde, M., Bengtsson, H., & Öborn, I. (2001). Concentrations and pools of heavy metals in urban soils in Stockholm, Sweden. Water, Air and Soil Pollution: Focus, 1(3-4), 83-101. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017599920280
Maiz, I., Arambarri, I., Garcia, R., & Millan, E. (2000). Evaluation of heavy metal availability in polluted soils by two sequential extraction procedures using factor analysis. Environmental Pollution, 110(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00287-0
Mehdi, M. R., Kim, M., Seong, J. C., & Arsalan, M. H. (2011). Spatio-temporal patterns of road traffic noise pollution in Karachi, Pakistan. Environment International, 37(1), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.003
Mei, J., Li, Z., Sun, L., Gui, H., & Wang, X. (2011). Assessment of heavy metals in the urban river sediments in Suzhou City, northern Anhui Province, China. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10, 2547-2553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.396
MOT. (2017). Statistical bulletin on transportation industry development in 2017, China. Logistics and Procurement in China, 11, 51-55.
Praveena, S. M., Ahmed, A., Radojevic, M., Abdullah, M. H., & Aris, A. Z. (2008). Heavy metals in mangrove surface sediment of Mengkabong lagoon, Sabah: multivariate and geoaccumulation index approaches. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2(2), 139-148.
Radu, T., & Diamond, D. (2009). Comparison of soil pollution concentrations determined using AAS and portable XRF techniques. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 171(1-3), 11681171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.062
Sarkar, D., Datta, R., & Hannigan, R. (2011). Concepts and applications in environmental geochemistry (Vol. 5). Elsevier.
Shao, L., Xiao, H. Y., Wu, D. S., & Tang, C. G. (2012). Review on research on traffic-related heavy metals pollution. Earth and Environment, 40(3), 445-459.
Sun, H., Zhu, L., & Zhou, D. (2018). POLSOIL: research on soil pollution in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 1-3.
Sun, L., & Feng, S. (2019). Heavy metals in the surface soil around a coalmine: pollution assessment and source identification. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28(4), 2717-2724. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/94052
Sun, L., Liu, X., & Cheng, C. (2016a). Quality evaluation of water from subsidence area and controlling factor analysis: Zhuxianzhuang case study. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 15(3), 1035-1040.
Sun, L., Peng, W., & Cheng, C. (2016b). Source estimating of heavy metals in shallow groundwater based on UNMIX Model: a case study. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 45(6), 756-762.
Sun, L., Xie, Z., & Guo, C. (2014). Environmental baseline of iron and aluminum in surface soil: a case study based on statistical and spatial analyses. International Journal of Earth Sciences & Engineering, 7(5), 1937-1942.
Tóth, G., Hermann, T., Da Silva, M. R., & Montanarella, L. (2016). Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the European Union with implications for food safety. Environment International, 88, 299-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.017
Wang, G. L., Li, L. K., Hao, M. D., & Zhang, M. (2010). Effects of long-term fertilization on heavy-metal contents of soil and environmental quality evaluation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 24(3), 60-63.
Wang, N. (2019). Study and analysis of sources of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil. China Metal Bulletin, 1, 289-290.
Zechmeister, H. G., Hohenwallner, D., Riss, A., & Hanus-Illnar, A. (2005). Estimation of element deposition derived from road traffic sources by using mosses. Environmental Pollution, 138(2), 238-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.005
Zheng, Y. M., Chen, H., Chen, T. B., Zheng, G. D., Wu, H. T., & Zhou, J. L. (2003). Spatial distribution pattern of Cr and Ni in soils of Beijing. Quaternary Sciences, 23(4), 436-445.
Zupančič, N. (1999). Lead contamination in the roadside soils of Slovenia. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 21(1), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006539626650