Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils contaminated by smelting waste for the perspective of chemical fraction and spatial distribution
Abstract
The heavy metals contamination in soil has attracted increasing attention. In this study, the main objective was to determine three heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Cr) of soils contaminated by smelting waste, and to evaluate pollution risk. The Pb (15.48 mg/kg) and Cd (311.39 mg/kg) mean concentrations exceeded the national standard, while Cr (48.60 mg/kg) concentration did not exceed. The Heavy metal fractions analysis showed that three heavy metals were dominated by FeMn oxides fraction (Fe-Mn). The correlation and cluster analysis indicated that there was significant correlation between Cd and Pb (0.55< r < 0.96), while Cr was not correlation to Cd and Pb. The environmental pollution of heavy metals was assessed by the ratio of secondary phase and primary phase (RSP). The result showed that RSP values of Cd, Pb, and Cr range from 13.05–54.28, 16.11–4.97 and 1.61–52.33, which indicated soil was serious contaminated by them. These results showed that smelting waste discharge led to this smelter soil being seriously contaminated by multiple heavy metals which have a tendency to transport and accumulate into deep soil due to their high fractional transformation.
Keyword : heavy metals, smelting waste, spatial distribution, RSP
How to Cite
Zeng, X., Chen, Q., Tan, Q., Xu, H., Li, W., Yang, S., Wang, J., Ren, J., Luo, F., Tang, J., Wu, L., Zhang, Y., & Liu, D. (2021). Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils contaminated by smelting waste for the perspective of chemical fraction and spatial distribution. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 29(2), 101-110. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2021.14190
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Shen, Q., Zhang, L., Kimirei, I. A., Wang, Z., Gao, Q., Chen, S., & Yu, C. (2018). Vertical physicochemical parameter distributions and health risk assessment for trace metals in water columns in eastern Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 37(1), 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-019-7351-6
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Ye, C., Butler, O. M., Du, M., Liu, W., & Zhang, Q. (2019). Spatiotemporal dynamics, drivers and potential sources of heavy metal pollution in riparian soils along a 600 kilometre stream gradient in Central China. Science of the Total Environment, 651, 1935–1945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.107
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Zhang, J., Chen, Z., Zhong, S., Wang, X., Huang, L., Chen, X., & Yin, G. (2019). Metal (loid)s pollution characteristics and ecotoxicity evaluation in soil nearby a silver smelting yard. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(3), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8073-y
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Zhu, S. C., Tang, J. X., Zeng, X. X., Wei, B. J., Yang, S. D., & Huang, B. (2015). Isolation of Mucor circinelloides Z4 and Mucor racemosus Z8 from heavy metal-contaminated soil and their potential in promoting phytoextraction with Guizhou oilseed rap. Journal of Central South University, 22(1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-015-2498-6
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Ancona, V., Barra Caracciolo, A., Campanale, C., Rascio, I., Grenni, P., Di Lenola, M., Bagnuolo, G., & Uricchio, V. F. (2020). Heavy metal phytoremediation of a poplar clone in a contaminated soil in southern Italy. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 95(4), 940–949. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6145
Beattie, R. E., Henke, W., Davis, C., Mottaleb, M. A., Campbell, J. H., & McAliley, L. R. (2017). Quantitative analysis of the extent of heavy-metal contamination in soils near Picher, Oklahoma, within the Tar Creek Superfund Site. Chemosphere, 172, 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.141
Cai, L., Xu, Z., Bao, P., He, M., Dou, L., Chen, L., Zhou, Y., & Zhu, Y. G. (2015). Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and source of arsenic and heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunde, Southeast China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 148, 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.09.010
Cao, C., Wang, L., Li, H., Wei, B., & Yang, L. (2018). Temporal variation and ecological risk assessment of metals in soil nearby a Pb(-)Zn mine in Southern China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050940
Cui, Z., Wang, Y., Zhao, N., Yu, R., Xu, G., & Yu, Y. (2018). Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in paddy soils of Yongshuyu irrigation area from Songhua River Basin, Northeast China. Chinese Geographical Science, 28(5), 797–809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-018-0991-1
Dong, W. Q. Y., Cui, Y., & Liu, X. (2010). Instances of soil and crop heavy metal contamination in China. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 10(5), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/20015891109392
Dorich, R., & Nelson, D. (1984). Evaluation of manual cadmium reduction methods for determination of nitrate in potassium chloride extracts of soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 48(1), 72–75. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800010013x
Gupta, P., & Diwan, B. (2017). Bacterial exopolysaccharide mediated heavy metal removal: a review on biosynthesis, mechanism and remediation strategies. Biotechnology Reports, 13, 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2016.12.006
Huang, D., Gui, H., Lin, M., & Peng, W. (2018). Chemical speciation distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soil from Sunan mining area, Anhui Province, China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 24(6), 1694–1709. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1422973
Jobby, R., Jha, P., Yadav, A. K., & Desai, N. (2018). Biosorption and biotransformation of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)]: A comprehensive review. Chemosphere, 207, 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.050
Kravkaz Kuscu, I., Cetin, M., Yigit, N., Savaci, G., & Sevik, H. (2018). Relationship between enzyme activity (urease-catalase) and nutrient element in soil use. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 27(5), 2107–2112. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/78475
Kükrer, S. (2018). Vertical and horizontal distribution, source identification, ecological and toxic risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Lake Aygır, Kars, Turkey. Environmental Forensics, 19(2), 122–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2018.1448905
Kükrer, S., Erginal, A. E., Seker, S., & Karabiyikoglu, M. (2015). Distribution and environmental risk evaluation of heavy metal in core sediments from Lake Cildir (NE Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(7), 453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4685-1
Lenart, A., & Wolny-Koladka, K. (2013). The effect of heavy metal concentration and soil pH on the abundance of selected microbial groups within ArcelorMittal Poland steelworks in Cracow. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 90(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0869-3
Li, W., Jia, M.-X., Deng, J., Wang, J. H., Lin, Q.-L., Liu, C., Wang, S.-S., Tang, J.-X., Zeng, X.-X., Ma, L., Su, W., Liu, X.-Y., Cai, F., & Zhou, L.-Y. (2018). Isolation, genetic identification and degradation characteristics of COD-degrading bacterial strain in slaughter wastewater. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 25(8), 1800–1805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.08.022
Lu, C., Xi, W., Quan, X., & Zhang, Z. (2018). Remediation of lime-free roasting chromite ore processing residue (COPR) by water leaching and pyrolysis process. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 40(11), 1417–1425. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1477871
Mo, J. H., Yang, Q., Zhang, N., Zhang, W. X., Zheng, Y., & Zhang, Z. E. (2018). A review on agro-industrial waste (AIW) derived adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Management, 227, 395–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.069
Nabulo, G., Young, S. D., & Black, C. R. (2010). Assessing risk to human health from tropical leafy vegetables grown on contaminated urban soils. The Science of Total Environment, 408(22), 5338–5351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.034
Nagajyoti, P. C., Lee, K. D., & Sreekanth, T. (2010). Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 8(3), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8
Rong, Q., Zhong, K., Huang, H., Li, C. Z., Zhang, C. L., & Nong, X. Y. (2020). Humic acid reduces the available cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in soil and their uptake by tobacco. Applied Sciences, 10(3), 1077. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031077
Shen, F., Liao, R., Ali, A., Mahar, A., Guo, D., Li, R., Xining, S., Awasthi, M. K., Wang, Q., & Zhang, Z. (2017). Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil near a Pb/ Zn smelter in Feng County, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 139, 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.044
Shen, Q., Zhang, L., Kimirei, I. A., Wang, Z., Gao, Q., Chen, S., & Yu, C. (2018). Vertical physicochemical parameter distributions and health risk assessment for trace metals in water columns in eastern Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 37(1), 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-019-7351-6
Sun, C. Y., Liu, J. S., Wang, Y., Sun, L. Q., & Yu, H. W. (2013). Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in agricultural soil in Dehui, Northeast China. Chemosphere, 92(5), 517–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.063
Sun, Z., & Mou, X. (2016). Effects of sediment burial disturbance on macro and microelement dynamics in decomposing litter of Phragmites australis in the coastal marsh of the Yellow River estuary, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 23(6), 5189–5202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5756-0
Steliga, T., & Kluk, D. (2020). Application of Festuca arundinacea in phytoremediation of soils contaminated with Pb, Ni, Cd and petroleum hydrocarbons. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 194, 110409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110409
Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G., & Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51(7), 844–851. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50043a017
Valsecchi, G., Gigliotti, C., & Farini, A. (1995). Microbial biomass, activity, and organic matter accumulation in soils contaminated with heavy metals. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 20(4), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00336086
Wang, W., & Wang, T. (1995). On the origin and the trend of acid precipitation in China. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85(4), 2295–2300. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01186176
Wei, B. J., Zeng, X. X., Zhu, S. C., Yang, S. D., & Tang, J. X. (2013). Spatial distribution and evaluation of heavy metals in the soil at the downwind direction of smelter beside Xiangjiang River. In 12th International Symposium on East Asian Resources Recycling Technology, 12, 345–350 (in Chinese).
Wei, L., Lv, Z., Li, S., Feng, G., Li, J., Shen, K., & Zhu, H. (2018). Application and case study of barrier technology in soil and groundwater remediation. In Y. Luo & C. Tu (Eds.), Twenty years of research and development on soil pollution and remediation in China (pp. 799–808). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6029-8_49
Xia, J., Zheng, F., Tang, H., Li, J., & Li, Y. (2018). Chemical speciation and risks of heavy metals in sediment of urban wetlands in southeastern China. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 28(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2018.1528574
Xu, Y., Seshadri, B., Bolan, N., Sarkar, B., Ok, Y. S., Zhang, W., Rumpel, C., Sparks, D., Farrell, M., Hall, T., & Dong, Z. (2019). Microbial functional diversity and carbon use feedback in soils as affected by heavy metals. Environment Internation, 125, 478–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.071
Ye, C., Butler, O. M., Du, M., Liu, W., & Zhang, Q. (2019). Spatiotemporal dynamics, drivers and potential sources of heavy metal pollution in riparian soils along a 600 kilometre stream gradient in Central China. Science of the Total Environment, 651, 1935–1945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.107
Zhang, C., Liu, G., Xue, S., & Song, Z. (2011). Rhizosphere soil microbial activity under different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau, China. Geoderma, 161(3–4), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.12.003
Zhang, G. L., Bai, J. H., Xiao, R., Zhao, Q. Q., Jia, J., Cui, B. S., & Liu, X. H. (2017). Heavy metal fractions and ecological risk assessment in sediments from urban, rural and reclamationaffected rivers of the Pearl River Estuary, China. Chemosphere, 184, 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.155
Zhang, J., Chen, Z., Zhong, S., Wang, X., Huang, L., Chen, X., & Yin, G. (2019). Metal (loid)s pollution characteristics and ecotoxicity evaluation in soil nearby a silver smelting yard. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(3), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8073-y
Zhong, B., Liang, T., Wang, L., & Li, K. (2014). Applications of stochastic models and geostatistical analyses to study sources and spatial patterns of soil heavy metals in a metalliferous industrial district of China. Science of the Total Environment, 490, 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.127
Zhu, S. C., Tang, J. X., Zeng, X. X., Wei, B. J., Yang, S. D., & Huang, B. (2015). Isolation of Mucor circinelloides Z4 and Mucor racemosus Z8 from heavy metal-contaminated soil and their potential in promoting phytoextraction with Guizhou oilseed rap. Journal of Central South University, 22(1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-015-2498-6