Determination of urban sprawl on ecological network using edge analysis: a case study of Usak (Turkey)
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the urban development of Usak city onto natural and urban open green spaces around the city during a -fifty- year period between 1954–2004. The data is based on aerial photographs of Usak urban area in 1954, 1971, 1994 and from Ikonos satellite image of 2004. The statistical data and the visual maps created in geographic information system software. This study puts forward the rapid spread of urbanization from 1971 to 1994 and hence, a significant change in landscape mosaic; urban areas increased by 102.9% between 1954–1971, 226.1% between 1971–1994 and 99.3% between 1994–2004. The most crucial change is evident in agricultural and open areas. According to the results of the edge analysis, urban areas, border ecologically valuable natural areas and the highest rate value was found to be in 2004; proving the development of the city towards agricultural areas.
Keyword : urban planning, edge effect, ecological planning, open green spaces, Usak City
How to Cite
Kocan, N. . (2021). Determination of urban sprawl on ecological network using edge analysis: a case study of Usak (Turkey). Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 29(3), 187-199. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2021.14643
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Wu, J. (2013). Key concepts and research topics in landscape ecology revisted: 30 years after the Allerton Park workshop. Landscape Ecology, 28, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9836-y
Atalay, B. (1967). Türk Halıcılığı ve Uşak Halıları. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
Bairoch, P. (1988). Cities and economic development: From the dawn of history to the present. Mansell, London.
Bennett, A. F. (2003). Linkages in the landscape: The role of corridors and connectivity in wildlife conservation. IUCN, The Word Conservation Union, Cambridge. https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/FR-021.pdf
Çakmak, B. (2008). XX. Yüzyıl Basında Usak’ta Kurulan İp Fabrikaları. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 41–58. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/usaksosbil/issue/21654/232805
Cook, E. A. (2000). Ecological networks in urban landscapes [PhD Dissertation]. Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
Deniz, B. (2005). Use of landscape structure indices in assessing urban land use transformation and their contribution in urban planning practices: Case of the city of Aydın. Ege University.
Dramstad, W. E., Olsan, J. D., & Forman, R. T. T. (1996). Landscape ecology principles in landscape architecture and land use planning. Island Pres, Washington.
Esbah, H. (2001). Using landscape structure indices to understand the possible impacts of landscape change: Case of the City of Phoenix [Arizona Dissertation]. Arizona, State University, A.Z.
Forman, R. T. T. (1995). Land mosaics: The ecology of landscape and regions. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107050327
Forman, R. T. T., & Godron, M. (1986). Landscape ecology. John Wiley and Sons.
General Directorate of Rural Services. (1997). Land report of Usak. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ankara.
Gulinck, H., Walpot, O., & Janssens, P. (1993). Landscape structural analysis of Central Belgium using SPOT data. Landscape Ecology and GIS, 75(86), 129–139. https://lirias.kuleuven.be/1565362?limo=0
Ji, W., Ma, J., Twibell, R. W., & Underhill, K. (2006). Characterizing urban sprawl using multi-stage remote sensing images and landscape metrics, computers. Environment and Urban Systems, 30(6), 861–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2005.09.002
Jim, C. Y., & Chen, S. S. (2003). Comprehensive greenspace planning based on landscape ecology principles in compact Najing city, China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 65(3), 95–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00244-X
Lioubimtseva, E. (2003). An evaluation of Vegetation-1 imagery for broad-scale landscape mapping of Russia: Effects of resolution on landscape pattern. Landscape and Urban Planning, 65(4), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00024-0
McGarigal, K., & Marks B. J. (1995). Fragstats: Spatial pattern analiysis program for quantifing landscape structure. Forest Science Department, Oregon State University Pres. Corvallis. http://www.umass.edu/landeco/pubs/mcgarigal.marks.1995.pdf
Meffe, G. F., & Carroll, C. R. (1997). Principles of conservation biology (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. https://www.worldcat.org/title/principles-of-conservationbiology/oclc/807303882
Pax-Lenney, B. T., & Woodcock, C. E. (1997). The effect of spatial resolution on the ability to monitor the status of agricultural lands. Remote Sensing Environment, 61(2), 210–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00003-5
Patton, D. R. (1975). A diversity index for quantifying habitat edge. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 396, 171–173.
Prevedello, J. A., Figueiredo, M. S. L., Grelle, C. E. V., & Vieira, M. V. (2013). Rethinking edge effects: The unaccounted role of geometric constraints. Ecography, 36(3), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07820.x
Sen, H., Çemrek F., & Özaydın, Ö. (2006). Provincial level determining the socio-economic development in Turkey. Selcuk University Faculty of Economics of Social and Economic Research Journal, 6(11), 155–171.
Shaw, W. W., Haris, L. K., Livingston, M., Charpenter, J. P., & Wissier, C. (1996). Pima County Habitat Inventory: Phase II (Report to Arizona Game and Fish Department). A.Z.
Small, C., & Miller R. B. (1999). Monitoring the urban environment from space [Conference presentation]. The International Symposium a Digital Earth, Beijing.
Soule, M. E. (1991). Land use planning and wildlife maintenace guidelines for conserving wildlife in an urban landscape. Journal of the American Planning Association, 57(3), 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369108975502
Sounders, D. A., Hobbs, R. J., & Margules, C. R. (1991). Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: A review. Conservation Biology, 5(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00384.x
State Statistics Institute. (2008). Usak İli Nüfusu. https://www.nufusu.com/il/usak-nufusu
Stevens, S. M., & Husband, T. P. (1998). The influence of edge on small mammals: Evidence from Brazilian Atlantic forest fragments. Biological Conservation, 85(1–2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00003-2
Tolessa, T., Senbeta, F., & Kidane, M. (2016). Landscape composition and cofigurtion in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Ecology and Evolution, 6(20), 7409–7421. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2477
Usak Chamber of Commerce and Industry. (2008). Business directory. Usak. https://www.usakticaretrehberi.com/
Usak Meteorology Directorate. (2008). Meteorological data of Usak Province. Usak. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=USAK
Wegner, J. F., & Merriam, G. (1979). Movements by birds and small mammas between a wood Adjoning farmland habitats. Journal of Applied Ecology, 16(2), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.2307/2402513
Wu, J. (2013). Key concepts and research topics in landscape ecology revisted: 30 years after the Allerton Park workshop. Landscape Ecology, 28, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9836-y