Augmentation of the urban green infrastructure using stormwater surface runoff as a resource in the NICE expressway, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Urban areas, characterized by impervious surfaces, produce storm water runoff which during unexpected heavy rainfall exceeds the carrying capacity of the storm water drainage system causing urban flooding. Transport expressways are massive hard-scaped surfaces generating large amounts of polluted surface run-off during the rains. In the case of the Nandi Infrastructure Corridor Enterprises (NICE) Expressway at Bengaluru, India, which is also a tolled road, the demonstration is about using the surface run-off or stormwater as a resource for developing urban green infrastructure complementing the transport grey infrastructure. The functions of urban green infrastructure include air quality improvement, microclimate modification, storm water management, biodiversity, recreational opportunities and visual aesthetics. Here we show, that the surface runoff or stormwater is effectively channelled to the areas around, to mark the beginning of a well-planned and executed drainage system, maintenance-free landscape and technically a sound, urban green infrastructure in the form of site-specific models of Rain Gardens. The same models can be used in other transport expressways as they are the indicators of economic growth and connectivity although would require to be customized as per the city and its climatic conditions. This paper explores three different scenarios with a typical model of development of green infrastructure along the transport expressway tailormade for each of the situations. While in the first and the second models, the Central Rain Garden and the Edge Rain Garden have been respectively proposed, the third model explores a comparatively complex scenario in the form of an Intersection Rain Garden.
Keyword : expressway, grey infrastructure, storm water management, green infrastructure, rain gardens, landscape management, visual aesthetics
How to Cite
Shreewatsav, M., & Sheriff, V. A. (2022). Augmentation of the urban green infrastructure using stormwater surface runoff as a resource in the NICE expressway, Karnataka, India. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 30(1), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2022.16394
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Herath, H. M. V. V., Chadalawada, J., & Babovic, V. (2021). Genetic programming for hydrological applications: To model or to forecast that is the question. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 23(4), 740–763. https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2021.179
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Malus, D. (2005). Highway drainage system efficiency. In International Symposium on Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering (pp. 151–157), Ottenstein, Austria.
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Manocha, N., & Babovic, V. (2018b). Sequencing infrastructure investments under deep uncertainty using real options analysis. Water, 10(2), 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020229
Müller, A., Österlund, H., Marsalek, J., & Viklander, M. (2019). The pollution conveyed by urban runoff: A review of sources. Science of the Total Environment, 709, 136125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136125
Najm, H., Wang, H., Roda, A. M., Miskewitz, R., Hencken, J., Abd Ali, A., He, H., & Chen, X. (2017). The use of porous concrete for sidewalks (Final Report No. FHWA-NJ-2018-001). Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation (CAIT).
Neufville, R. de, & Scholtes, S. (2011). Flexibility in engineering design. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8292.001.0001
Nixon, H., & Saphores, J.-D. (2007). Impacts of motor vehicle operation on water quality in the US – Cleanup costs and policies. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 12(8), 564–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2007.08.002
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Schmitter, P., Goedbloed, A., Galelli, S., & Babovic, V. (2016). Effect of catchment-scale green roof deployment on stormwater generation and reuse in a tropical city. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 142(7). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000643
Siwiec, E., Erlandsen, A. M., & Vennemo, H. (2018). City greening by rain gardens – costs and benefits. Environmental Protection and Natural Resources, 29(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2018-0001
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SubAir. (n.d.). https://subairsystems.com/
Suppasri, A., Shuto, N., Imamura, F., Koshimura, S., Mas, E., & Yalciner, A. C. (2013). Lessons learned from the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami: Performance of tsunami countermeasures, coastal buildings, and tsunami evacuation in Japan. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 170, 993–1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-012-0511-7
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Tangahu, B. V., Abdullah, S. R. S., Basri, H., Idris, M., Anuar, N., & Mukhlisin, M. (2011). A review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation. International Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2011, 939161. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/939161
Toprak, B., Sevim, O., & Kalkan, I. (2016). Gabion walls and their use. International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 3(4), 56–58.
Wang, X., Zhang, J., Babovic, V., & Gin, K. Y. H. (2019). A comprehensive integrated catchment-scale monitoring and modelling approach for facilitating management of water quality. Environmental Modelling and Software, 120, 104489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.07.014
Wolf, K. (2018). Green cities: Good health. https://depts.washington.edu/hhwb/Thm_SafeStreets.html
Zhang, L., Ye, Z., & Shibata, S. (2020). Assessment of rain garden effects for the management of urban storm runoff in Japan. Sustainability, 12(23), 9982. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239982
Ambade, B. (2014). Chemical composition of runoff water in Raipur city, central India. Applied Water Science, 5(1), 1–12.
Antonson, H., Mårdh, S., Wiklund, M., & Blomqvist, G. (2009). The surrounding landscape effect on driving behaviour: A driving simulator. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(4), 493–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.03.005
Basdeki, A., Katsifarakis, L., & Katsifarakis, K. L. (2016). Rain gardens as integral parts of urban sewage systems: A case study in Thessaloniki, Greece. Procedia Engineering, 162, 426–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.084
Bloemen, P., Reeder, T., Zevenbergen, C., Rijke, J., & Kingsborough, A. (2018). Lessons learned from applying adaptation pathways in flood risk management and challenges for the further development of this approach. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 23, 1083–1108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9773-9
Burns, M. J., Fletcher, T. D., Walsh, Ch. J., Ladson, A. R., & Hatt, B. E. (2012). Hydrologic shortcomings of conventional urban stormwater management and opportunities for reform. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105(3), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.12.012
Carlson, C., Barreteau, O., Kirshen, P., & Foltz, K. (2015). Storm water management as a public good provision problem: Survey to understand perspectives of low-impact development for urban storm water management practices under climate change. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 141(6). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000476
Cerezuela, G. P., Tejero, P., Chóliz, M., Chisvert, M., & Monteagudo, M. J. (2004). Wertheim’s hypothesis on highway hypnosis: Empirical evidence from a study on motorway and conventional road driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 36(6), 1045–1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2004.02.002
Chadalawada, J., Herath, H. M. V. V., & Babovic, V. (2020). Hydrologically informed machine learning for rainfall-runoff modeling: A genetic programming-based toolkit for automatic model induction. Water Resources Research, 56(4), e2019WR026933. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026933
Dash, S., & Kar, B. (2018). Environment friendly pervious concrete for sustainable construction. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering: Vol. 410. 1st International Conference on Advanced Engineering Functional Materials (ICAEFM) (pp. 1–10). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/410/1/012005
Dekker, F. (n.d.). Rainaway. https://rainaway.nl/english/
Deng, Y., Cardin, M.-A., Babovic, V., Santhanakrishnan, D., Schmitter, P., & Meshgi, A. (2013). Valuing flexibilities in the design of urban water management systems. Water Research, 47(20), 7162–7174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.064
Elaji, A., & Ji, W. (2020). Urban runoff simulation: How do land use/cover change patterning and geospatial data quality impact model outcome? Water, 12(10), 2715. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102715
Fletcher, T. D., Shuster, W., Hunt, W. F., Ashley, R., Butler, D., Arthur, S., Trowsdale, S., Barraud, S., Semadeni-Davies, A., Bertrand-Krajewski, J.-L., Mikkelsen, P. S., Rivard, G., Uhl, M., Dagenais, D., & Viklander, M. (2015). SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more – The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water Journal, 12(7), 525–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2014.916314
Fumagalli, N., Maccarini, M., Rovelli, R., Berto, R., & Senes, G. (2020). An exploratory study of users’ preference for different planting combinations along rural greenways. Sustainability, 12(5), 2120. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052120
Galkate, R. V., Jaiswal, R. K., Thomas, T., & Nayak, T. R. (2014). Rainfall runoff modeling using conceptual NAM model [Conference presentation]. International Conference on Sustainability and Management Strategy (ICSMS-2014), Institute of Management and Technology, Nagpur.
Grehl, E., & Kauffman, G. (2007). The University of Delaware Rain Garden: Environmental Mitigation of a building footprint. Journal of Green Building, 2(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.3992/jgb.2.1.53
Guo, F., Li, M., Chen, Y., Xiong, J., & Lee, J. (2019). Effects of highway landscapes on drivers’ eye movement behavior and emergency reaction time: A driving simulator study. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2019, 9897831. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9897831
Herath, H. M. V. V., Chadalawada, J., & Babovic, V. (2020). Hydrologically informed machine learning for rainfall-runoff modelling: Towards distributed modelling. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 25, 4373–4401. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-487
Herath, H. M. V. V., Chadalawada, J., & Babovic, V. (2021). Genetic programming for hydrological applications: To model or to forecast that is the question. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 23(4), 740–763. https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2021.179
Hunt, W. F., & White, N. (n.d.). Designing Rain Gardens. https://water.rutgers.edu/
Jeff, G. (2018, April 03). Researchers use carbon fibres to strengthen permeable pavement. https://stormwater.wef.org/2018/04/researchers-use-waste-carbon-fiber-strengthen-permeable-pavement
Karnataka State Cricket Association. (2017, January 10). Chinnaswamy cricket stadium – Sub Air System (KSCA). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhJVQrweKoI
Kates, R. W., Colten, C. E., Laska, S., & Leatherman, S. P. (2006). Reconstruction of New Orleans after hurricane Katrina: A research perspective. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 103(40), 14653–14660. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605726103
Keith, B. (2012). Rainfall-runoff modelling: The primer (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Krishnan, S., & Indu, R. (2006). Groundwater contamination in India: Discussing physical processes, health and socio-behavioral dimensions (IWMI Research Reports No. H043376). International Water Management Institute.
Kumar, D. M., & Shah, T. (2006). Groundwater pollution and contamination in India: The emerging challenge (IWMI Research Reports No. H043613). International Water Management Institute.
Malus, D. (2005). Highway drainage system efficiency. In International Symposium on Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering (pp. 151–157), Ottenstein, Austria.
Manocha, N., & Babovic, V. (2018a). Real options, multi-objective optimization and the development of dynamically robust adaptive pathways. Environmental Science and Policy, 90, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.09.012
Manocha, N., & Babovic, V. (2018b). Sequencing infrastructure investments under deep uncertainty using real options analysis. Water, 10(2), 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020229
Müller, A., Österlund, H., Marsalek, J., & Viklander, M. (2019). The pollution conveyed by urban runoff: A review of sources. Science of the Total Environment, 709, 136125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136125
Najm, H., Wang, H., Roda, A. M., Miskewitz, R., Hencken, J., Abd Ali, A., He, H., & Chen, X. (2017). The use of porous concrete for sidewalks (Final Report No. FHWA-NJ-2018-001). Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation (CAIT).
Neufville, R. de, & Scholtes, S. (2011). Flexibility in engineering design. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8292.001.0001
Nixon, H., & Saphores, J.-D. (2007). Impacts of motor vehicle operation on water quality in the US – Cleanup costs and policies. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 12(8), 564–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2007.08.002
Pawari, M. P., & Gawande, S. (2015). Ground water pollution & its consequences. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, 3(4), 773–776.
Paz-Alberto, A. M., & Sigua, G. C. (2013). Phytoremediation: A green technology to remove environmental pollutants. American Journal of Climate Change, 2(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2013.21008
Priari, G. (2018). Promoting the use of public areas for sustainable stormwater management in cities with mediterranean climate. Proceedings, 2(11), 632. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2110632
Richter, K.-F. & Winter, S. (2014). Landmarks: GIScience for intelligent services. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05732-3
Savage, S. (2002). The flaw of averages. https://hbr.org/2002/11/the-flaw-of-averages
Schmitter, P., Goedbloed, A., Galelli, S., & Babovic, V. (2016). Effect of catchment-scale green roof deployment on stormwater generation and reuse in a tropical city. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 142(7). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000643
Siwiec, E., Erlandsen, A. M., & Vennemo, H. (2018). City greening by rain gardens – costs and benefits. Environmental Protection and Natural Resources, 29(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2018-0001
Smith, K. P. (2002). Effectiveness of three best management practices for highway-runoff quality along the southeast expressway, Boston, Massachusetts (Water-Resources Investigations Report). U.S. Geological Survey.
SubAir. (n.d.). https://subairsystems.com/
Suppasri, A., Shuto, N., Imamura, F., Koshimura, S., Mas, E., & Yalciner, A. C. (2013). Lessons learned from the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami: Performance of tsunami countermeasures, coastal buildings, and tsunami evacuation in Japan. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 170, 993–1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-012-0511-7
Taebia, A., & Droste, R. L. (2004). Pollution loads in urban runoff and sanitary wastewater. Science of the Total Environment, 327(1–3), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.11.015
Tangahu, B. V., Abdullah, S. R. S., Basri, H., Idris, M., Anuar, N., & Mukhlisin, M. (2011). A review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation. International Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2011, 939161. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/939161
Toprak, B., Sevim, O., & Kalkan, I. (2016). Gabion walls and their use. International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 3(4), 56–58.
Wang, X., Zhang, J., Babovic, V., & Gin, K. Y. H. (2019). A comprehensive integrated catchment-scale monitoring and modelling approach for facilitating management of water quality. Environmental Modelling and Software, 120, 104489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.07.014
Wolf, K. (2018). Green cities: Good health. https://depts.washington.edu/hhwb/Thm_SafeStreets.html
Zhang, L., Ye, Z., & Shibata, S. (2020). Assessment of rain garden effects for the management of urban storm runoff in Japan. Sustainability, 12(23), 9982. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239982