The development stage of Xiamen City and related environment evolution
Abstract
A model of environmental evolution of cities, especially in East Asia, is said to follow four stages. The pathways to the fourth stage of eco-city are not always clear, but need to be contextual. This research extended the original stage model of environmental evolution to describe urban development and its impact on the environment, especially integrated a model comprise of density, mix and accessibility (DMA) for urbanization and applied Ecological Footprint (EF) concept for pressure on eco-environment. The research analyzed the Xiamen City in China through the first three stages in order to gain insights how the city might be able to hasten its transition to the fourth stage of an eco-city. As expected, the development of Xiamen City and its environmental impacts has very obvious stage characteristic. Before 2010, Xiamen City got through a long time of Stage I (poverty stage); and in the period of 2010 to 2019, Xiamen experienced the Stage II (industrial pollution stage) and Stage III (mass consumption stage) crossly. The new built-up land in the decade of 2000–2010 is much larger than the previous 10 years from 1989 to 2000, 5 times more. Meanwhile, compared with 1980–1995, the ecological deficit also enlarged greatly in period of 1995–2010. Considering up to 2019 Xiamen still has large amount of energy consumption and high level output of industry solid waste, Xiamen should take measures of adjusting the industrial structure, promoting the green industry and planning the urban growth boundary to achieve the eco-city stage.
Keyword : Xiamen, urbanization, environment, stage, ecological footprint
How to Cite
Zhang, T., Tang, L., Wen, Y., & Wang, C. (2022). The development stage of Xiamen City and related environment evolution. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 30(3), 350–362. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2022.17407
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus. University of Minnesota Press.
Dovey, K., Woodcock, I., & Murray, S. (2014). Intensifying Melbourne: Transit-oriented urban design for resilient urban futures. Melbourne School of Design. http://apo.org.au/node/52327
Ewing, B., Reed, A., Rizk, S., Galli, A., Wackernagel, M., & Kitzes, J. (2010). Calculation methodology for the national footprint accounts (2010 ed.). Global Footprint Network. https://www.footprintnetwork.org/content/images/uploads/National_Footprint_Accounts_Method_Paper_2010.pdf
Food and Agriculture Organization. (n.d.). FAO production yearbook. https://www.fao.org/
Fujian Provincial Bureau of Statistic. (n.d.). https://tjj.fujian.gov.cn/
Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., & Briggs, J. M. (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities. Science, 319(5864), 756–760. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1150195
Gunderson, L., & Holling, C. (2002). Panarchy: Understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Island Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.01.010
Hancock, T. (1996). Health and sustainability in the urban environment. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 16(4–6), 259–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-9255(96)00024-8
Hao, H., Bin, C., Zhiyuan, M., Zhenghua, L., Senlin, Z., Weiwei, Y., Jianji, L., Wenjia, H., Jianguo, D., & Guangcheng, C. (2017). Assessing the ecological security of the estuary in view of the ecological services–A case study of the Xiamen estuary. Ocean & Coastal Management, 137, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.12.003
Huang, W., Bruemmer, B., & Huntsinger, L. (2016). Incorporating measures of grassland productivity into efficiency estimates for livestock grazing on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China. Ecological Economics, 122, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.11.025
Huang, Z. J., Wei, Y. D., He, C., & Li, H. (2015). Urban land expansion under economic transition in China: A multi-level modeling analysis. Habitat International, 47, 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.01.007
Jin, G., Deng, X. Z., Zhao, X. D., Guo, B. S., & Yang, J. (2018). Spatiotemporal patterns in urbanization efficiency within the Yangtze River Economic Belt between 2005 and 2014. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 28(8), 1113–1126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-018-1545-2
Jin, G., Chen, K., Wang, P., Guo, B., Dong, Y., & Yang, J. (2019). Trade-offs in land-use competition and sustainable land development in the North China Plain. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 141, 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.01.004
Lin, D., Hanscom, L., Martindill, J., Borucke, M., Cohen, L., Galli, A., Lazarus, E., Zokai, G., Iha, K., & Wackernagel, M. (2018). Working guidebook to the national footprint accounts. Global Footprint Network. https://www.footprintnetwork.org/content/uploads/2018/05/2018-National-Footprint-Accounts-Guidebook.pdf
Lin, T., Xue, X., Shi, L., & Gao, L. (2013). Urban spatial expansion and its impacts on island ecosystem services and landscape pattern: A case study of the island city of Xiamen, southeast China. Ocean & Coastal Management, 81, 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.06.014
Parker, H. W. (1996). Tunneling, urbanization and sustainable development: The infrastructure connection. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, 11(2), 133–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(96)00020-X
Pont, B., & Haupt, P. (2009). Space, density and urban form. Lund University.
Register, R. (1987). Eco-city Berkeley: Building cities for a healthy future. North Atlantic Books. https://ridenread.bitbucket.io/06-gloria-hoppe-1/-ecocity-berkeley-building-cities-for-a-healthy-f.pdf
Roseland, M. (Ed.). (1997a). Dimensions of the future: An eco-city overview. In Eco-city dimensions: Healthy communities, healthy planet. New Society Publishers.
Roseland, M. (1997b). Dimensions of the eco-city. Cities, 14(4), 197–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(97)00003-6
Shao, W., Liu, J., Yang, Z., Yang, Z., Yu, Y., & Li, W. (2018). Carbon reduction effects of sponge city construction: A case study of the city of Xiamen. Energy Procedia, 152, 1145–1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.09.145
Shin, E., Hufschmidt, M., Lee, Y-s., Nickum, J. E., Umetsu, C., & Gregory, R. (1997). Valuating the economic impacts of urban environmental problems: Asian cities (Urban Management Programme Working Paper Series). Washington, USA. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/944741468748753106/pdf/30073.pdf
Tang, L., Zhao, Y., Yin, K., & Zhao, J. Z. (2013). Xiamen. Cities, 31, 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.09.001
Vernberg, W. B. (1997). An overview of the effects of urbanization on estuaries: The land-estuarine interface. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 213(1), 9–10.
Wackernagel, M., Onisto, L., Bello, P., Linares, A. C., Falfán, I. S. L., García, J. M., Guerrero, A. I. S., & Guerrero, Ma, G. S. (1999a). National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept. Ecological Economics, 29(3), 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(98)90063-5
Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. (1996). Our ecological footprint, reducing human impact on the Earth. New Society Publishers. http://www.gbv.de/dms/weimar/toc/63317937X_toc.pdf
Wackernagel, M., Lewan, L., & Hansson, C. B. (1999b). Evaluating the use of natural capital with the ecological footprint applications in sweden and subregions. Ambio, 28(7), 604–612. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4314966
Wackernagel, M., Schulz, N. B., Deumling, D., Linares, A. C., Jenkins, M., Kapos, V., Monfreda, C., Loh, J., Myers, N., Norgaard, R., & Randers, J. (2002). Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy. PNAS, 99(14), 9266–9271. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.142033699
Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2006). Resilience thinking. Island Press. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d7901f41e62ba340a30eb04/t/5d83f5e286a5bd19c4f55ff7/1568929253568/Walker+and+Salt+-+Sustaining+Ecosystems+and+People+in+a+Changing+Wor.pdf
Wang, L., Lyons, J., Kanehl, P., & Bannerman, R. (2001). Impacts of urbanization on stream habitat and fish across multiple spatial scales. Environmental Management, 28(2), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s0026702409
Wang, Q. (2001). Modeling urban growth effects on surface runoff with the integration of remote sensing and GIS. Environmental Management, 28(6), 737–748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002670010258
Xiamen Bureau of Ecological Environment. (n.d.). http://sthjj.xm.gov.cn/
Xiamen Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.). Xiamen statistical yearbook. http://tjj.xm.gov.cn/
Xie, G. D., Cao, S. Y., Yang, Q. S., Xia, L., Fan, Z. Y., Chen, B. P., & Zhou, S. (2012). China ecological footprint report 2012. World Wildlife Fund. https://issuu.com/globalfootprintnetwork/docs/china_ecological_footprint_report_2012_small
Yuan, M., Song, Y., Hong, S., & Huang, Y. (2017). Evaluating the effects of compact growth on air quality in already-high-density cities with an integrated land use-transport-emission model: A case study of Xiamen, China. Habitat International, 69, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.08.007
Zhao, J., Dai, D. B., Lin, T., & Tang, L. N. (2010). Rapid urbanisation, ecological effects and sustainable city construction in Xiamen. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 17, 271–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2010.493318
Zhao, J. (2011). Towards sustainable cities in China: Analysis and assessment of some Chinese cities in 2008. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8243-8
Zhu, X., Zuklin, T., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Enhancing and promoting national environmental goals through local integrated coastal management initiatives and legislation: Evidence from Xiamen. Ocean & Coastal Management, 207(6), 104706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.01.002
Zhu, Z., Deng, Q., Zhou, H., Ouyang, T., Kuang, Y., Huang, N., & Qiao, Y. (2002a). Water pollution and degradation in Pearl River Delta, South China. Ambio, 31(3), 226–230. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-31.3.226
Zhu, Z. Y., Zhou, H. Y., Xu, Y. F., Ouyang, T. P., & Deng, Q. L. (2002b). Environmental problems of Red Soil along the coast of South China. Soil Use and Management, 18, 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1079/SUM2002098