Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation purpose using irrigation water quality index (IWQI)
Abstract
Groundwater represents an important natural resource for sustaining life. This study was conducted to evaluate groundwater in the Doukkala region in Morocco, using the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) and uses Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) in GIS was to show the spatial distribution of water quality parameters. It collected 97 of samples from groundwater and were estimated the sodium concentration (Na%), and sodium absorption rate (SAR), Also, Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelly index (KI), magnesium content (MR), salinity potential (PS), and permeability index (PI). According to the distribution map of the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) for the study area, about 22.7% of samples fall into the severe restriction (SR) category, which can be used to irrigate plants with high salinity tolerance, 34.02 of samples fall under the high restriction (HR) category, 23.7% of samples fall into the moderate restrictions (MR) category, 17.52% of samples fall under the low restriction (LR) category, and 2.06% of samples fall under the no restriction (NR) category. The results of (IWQI) indicated that the groundwater quality in the study area is mostly suitable for irrigation purposes.
Keyword : Doukkala region, irrigation factors, GIS, IDW, IWQI
How to Cite
Al-Aizari, H. S., Aslaou, F., Mohsen, O., Al-Aizari, A. R., Al-Odayni, A.-B., Abduh, N. A. Y., Al-Aizari, A.-J. M., & Abo Taleb, E. (2024). Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation purpose using irrigation water quality index (IWQI). Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 32(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2024.20598
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Jamaa, H., El Achheb, A., & Namr, K. I. (2020). Spatial variation of groundwater quality and assessment of water table fluctuations in Plio-Quaternary aquifer formations in Doukkala Plain, Morocco. Groundwater for sustainable Development, 11, 100398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100398
Jamaa, H., Hamdouni, T., El Achheb, A., & Ibno Namr, K. (2023). Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to contamination using the DRASTIC model and GIS functions in Doukkala Plain, Morocco. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-023-01789-0
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Janardhana Raju, N., Shukla, U. K., & Ram, P. (2011). Hydrogeochemistry for the assessment of groundwater quality in Varanasi: A fast-urbanizing center in Uttar Pradesh, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 173(1), 279–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1387-6
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Khalaf, R. M., & Hassan, W. H. (2013). Evaluation of irrigation water quality index IWQI for Al-Dammam confined aquifer in the west and southwest of Karbala city, Iraq. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 23, 21–34.
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Rawat, K. S., Singh, S. K., & Gautam, S. K. (2018). Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation use: A peninsular case study. Applied Water Science, 8(8), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0866-8
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Sabir, M., Laouina, A., Morsli, B., & Annabi, M. (2022). Institutional and technical efforts for the soil and water conservation in North Africa. In Global degradation of soil and water resources (pp. 49–59). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7916-2_5
Satish Kumar, V., Amarender, B., Dhakate, R., Sankaran, S., & Raj Kumar, K. (2016). Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation use in shallow hard rock aquifer of Pudunagaram, Palakkad District Kerala. Applied Water Science, 6(2), 149–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0214-6
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Varol, S., & Davraz, A. (2015). Evaluation of the groundwater quality with WQI (Water Quality Index) and multivariate analysis: A case study of the Tefenni plain (Burdur/Turkey). Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(4), 1725–1744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3531-z
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Adimalla, N., & Qian, H. (2019). Groundwater quality evaluation using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes and human health risk (HHR) assessment in an agricultural region of Nanganur, south India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 176, 153–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.066
Adnani, I. E., Younsi, A., Namr, K. I., Achheb, A. E., & Irzan, E. M. (2020). Assessment of seasonal and spatial variation of groundwater quality in the coastal Sahel of Doukkala, Morocco. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 19(1), 17–28.
Aziane, N., Khaddari, A., IbenTouhami, M., Zouahri, A., Nassali, H., & Elyoubi, M. S. (2020). Evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigation in the coastal aquifer of Mnasra (Gharb, Morocco). Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry, 10(2), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.13171/mjc1020200222997nz
Ayers, R. S., & Westcot, D. W. (1999). The water quality in agriculture (2nd ed.). UFPB, FAO Irrigation and Drainage.
Boughrous, A. A., Yacoubi Khebiza, M., Boulanouar, M., Boutin, C., & Messana, G. (2007). Groundwater quality in two arid areas of Morocco: Impact of pollution on biodiversity and paleogeographic implications. Environmental Technology, 28(11), 1299–1315. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593332808618887
Bedoui, I., El-Haji, S., Houzi, G., Aghrib, N., Challi, D., Kaioua, S., Alaizari, H., & Fadli, M. (2022). Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes in Sidi Slimane, Morocco using the irrigation water quality index. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 6(4), 514–519.
Belhassan, K. (2021). Water scarcity management. In Water safety, security and sustainability: Threat detection and mitigation (pp. 443–462). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76008-3_19
Benabdelkader, M., Saifi, R., & Saifi, H. (2021). Sustainable agriculture in some Arab Maghreb countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia). In Agro-environmental sustainability in MENA regions (pp. 233–261). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78574-1_10
Bouasria, A., Ibno Namr, K., Rahimi, A., & Ettachfini, E. M. (2021). Geospatial assessment of soil organic matter variability at Sidi Bennour District in Doukkala Plain in Morocco. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 22(11), 120–130. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/142935
Boulakhbar, M., Lebrouhi, B., Kousksou, T., Smouh, S., Jamil, A., Maaroufi, M., & Zazi, M. (2020). Towards a large-scale integration of renewable energies in Morocco. Journal of Energy Storage, 32, 101806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101806
Bounif, M., Bouasria, A., Rahimi, A., & El Mjiri, I. (2021). Study of agricultural land use variability in Doukkala irrigated area between 1998 and 2020. In 2021 Third International Sustainability and Resilience Conference: Climate Change (pp. 170–175). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEECONF53624.2021.9667965
Darwesh, N., Allam, M., Meng, Q., Helfdhallah, A. A., Ramzy, S. M., N., El Kharrim, K., Al Maliki, A. A., & Belghyti, D. (2019). Using Piper trilinear diagrams and principal component analysis to determine variation in hydrochemical faces and understand the evolution of groundwater in Sidi Slimane Region, Morocco. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 23(5), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2019.63248
Doneen, L. D. (1962). The influence of crop and soil on percolating water. In Proceedings 1961 Biennial Conference on Groundwater Recharge (pp. 156–163), California, USA.
El Khodrani, N., Zouahri, A., Arfaoui, A., Iaaich, H., El Oumlouki, K., Yahyaoui, A., & Fekhaoui, M. (2016). Study of physico-chemical quality of groundwater in the rural commune of SFAFAA (Sidi Slimane Gharb, Morocco). Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 7(8), 2852–2860.
El Jazouli, A., Barakat, A., Khellouk, R., Rais, J., & El Baghdadi, M. (2019). Remote sensing and GIS techniques for prediction of land use land cover change effects on soil erosion in the high basin of the Oum Er Rbia River (Morocco). Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 13, 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2018.12.004
Jamaa, H., El Achheb, A., & Namr, K. I. (2020). Spatial variation of groundwater quality and assessment of water table fluctuations in Plio-Quaternary aquifer formations in Doukkala Plain, Morocco. Groundwater for sustainable Development, 11, 100398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100398
Jamaa, H., Hamdouni, T., El Achheb, A., & Ibno Namr, K. (2023). Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to contamination using the DRASTIC model and GIS functions in Doukkala Plain, Morocco. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-023-01789-0
Gautam, S. K., Maharana, C., Sharma, D., Singh, A. K., Tripathi, J. K., & Singh, S. K. (2015). Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Chotanagpur plateau region of the Subarnarekha river basin, Jharkhand State, India. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology, 6, 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swaqe.2015.06.001
Gibrilla, A., Bam, E. K. P., Adomako, D., Ganyaglo, S., Osae, S., Akiti, T. T., Kebede, S., Achoribo, E., Ahialey, E., Ayanu, G., & Agyeman, E. K. (2011). Application of water quality index (WQI) and multivariate analysis for groundwater quality assessment of the Birimian and Cape Coast Granitoid Complex: Densu River Basin of Ghana. Water Quality, Exposure and Health, 3(2), 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-011-0044-9
Gupta, S., & Gupta, S. K. (2021). A critical review on water quality index tool: Genesis, evolution and future directions. Ecological Informatics, 63, 101299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101299
Hwang, J. Y., Park, S., Kim, H.-K., Kim, M.-S., Jo, H.-J., Kim, J.-I., Lee, G.-M., Shin, I., & Kim, T. (2017). Hydrochemistry for the assessment of groundwater quality in Korea. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 6(01), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2017.61001
Janardhana Raju, N., Shukla, U. K., & Ram, P. (2011). Hydrogeochemistry for the assessment of groundwater quality in Varanasi: A fast-urbanizing center in Uttar Pradesh, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 173(1), 279–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1387-6
Kelley, W. P. (1957). Adsorbed Na+, cation-exchange capacity and percentage Na+ saturation of alkali soils. Soil Science, 84(6), 473–478. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195712000-00006
Khalaf, R. M., & Hassan, W. H. (2013). Evaluation of irrigation water quality index IWQI for Al-Dammam confined aquifer in the west and southwest of Karbala city, Iraq. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 23, 21–34.
Lanza, M., Haro, R., Conchillo, L. B., & Benito, B. (2019). The endophyte Serendipita indica reduces the sodium content of Arabidopsis plants exposed to salt stress: Fungal ENA ATPases are expressed and regulated at high pH and during plant co-cultivation in salinity. Environmental Microbiology, 21(9), 3364–3378. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.14619
Mbaki, V. R. E., Boukdir, A., Okandza, P. M., Elissami, A., Zitouni, A., & Sabri, E. (2017). Estimation of the recharge potential of aquifers in the Sahel-Doukkala region (Morocco). Journal of Water Science & Environment Technologies, 2(1), 173–182.
Mghaiouini, R., Salah, M., Harrati, A., Monkade, M., & El Bouari, A. (2023). The first physico-chemical characterization of coastal sands in the Doukkala region (Morocco). Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 8, 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-023-00357-3
Meireles, A. C. M., Andrade, E. M. de, Chaves, L. C. G., Frischkorn, H., & Crisostomo, L. A. (2010). A new proposal of the classification of irrigation water. Revista Ciencia Agronomica, 41(3), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-66902010000300005
Mohammed, A.-Q., Naser, R. S., Farid, H., Abderrahman, A., Khadija, E. K., Achaouch, A., & Driss, B. (2018). Hydro-chemical monitoring of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation in Sidi Allal Tazi area, Kenitra, Morocco. Research Journal of Chemistry Environment, 22(4), 36–44.
Montanari, B., & Bergh, S. I. (2019). A gendered analysis of the income generating activities under the green Morocco Plan: Who profits? Human Ecology, 47(3), 409–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-019-00086-8
Onyiriuba, L., Okoro, E. O., & Ibe, G. I. (2020). Strategic government policies on agricultural financing in African emerging markets. Agricultural Finance Review, 80(4), 563–588. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-01-2020-0013
Ouakkas, S., Arhouni, F. E., Hakkar, M., Abdo, M. A., Boukhair, A., Essedaoui, A., & Benjelloun, M. (2022). Assessment of physicochemical and metallic contamination (Cd, Zn, Cu) and 222Rn activity in waters of the Doukkala region, Morocco. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 26(1), 04021048. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000661
Perrin, J. L., Raïs, N., Chahinian, N., Moulin, P., & Ijjaali, M. (2014). Water quality assessment of highly polluted rivers in a semi-arid Mediterranean zone Oued Fez and Sebou River (Morocco). Journal of Hydrology, 510, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.12.002
Rawat, K. S., Singh, S. K., & Gautam, S. K. (2018). Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation use: A peninsular case study. Applied Water Science, 8(8), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0866-8
Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Government Printing Office. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195408000-00012
Sabir, M., Laouina, A., Morsli, B., & Annabi, M. (2022). Institutional and technical efforts for the soil and water conservation in North Africa. In Global degradation of soil and water resources (pp. 49–59). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7916-2_5
Satish Kumar, V., Amarender, B., Dhakate, R., Sankaran, S., & Raj Kumar, K. (2016). Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation use in shallow hard rock aquifer of Pudunagaram, Palakkad District Kerala. Applied Water Science, 6(2), 149–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0214-6
Selvam, S., Manimaran, G., & Sivasubramanian, P. (2013). Cumulative effects of septic system disposal and evolution of nitrate contamination impact on coastal groundwater in Tuticorin, South Tamilnadu, India. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 4(4), 1207–1218.
Tijani, M. (1994). Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in Moro area, Kwara State, Nigeria. Environmental Geology, 24(3), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00766889
Todd, D. K., & Mays, L. W. (2004). Groundwater hydrology. John Wiley & Sons.
Tóth, J. (1999). Groundwater as a geologic agent: An overview of the causes, processes, and manifestations. Hydrogeology Journal, 7(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050176
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