Mapping the salinity status of agricultural soils between Kırıkhan-Kumlu in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey with Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to determine the salinity status of agricultural soils between Kırıkhan-Kumlu in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey by mapping with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). For this purpose, a total of 60 soil samples were taken from 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths and from 30 different points to represent the agricultural soils of Kırıkhan-Kumlu region in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. In the soil samples, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cation (ECC) values were determined to determine some soil properties. Total salt, salinity class, sodium adsorption rate (SAR), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and soluble cations (Na, Ca and Mg) were determined to determine the salinity status of the soils.
According to the results of the research; as a result of the analysis carried out to determine the salinity status of the soils; pH values were determined between 6.91–7.98; total salt content between 0.02–0.13%; SAR values between 0.023–0.044 me/100 gr; ESP values between 0.35–2.96%; soluble Na content between 0.019–0.034 me/100 gr; soluble Ca content between 0.018–0.245 me/100 gr and soluble Mg content between 0.037–0.113 me/100 gr. In addition, by applying the ESP-SAR regression relationship of the soils, it was revealed that the soils tended to alkalize towards the lower layers. The salinity values obtained as a result of the study were transferred to the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment and interpolated by Kriging method and a salinity map of the study area was created. In conclusion, as a result of the research conducted in the soils of the study area in the Eastern Mediterranean region, it was determined that all of the agricultural soils of Kırıkhan-Kumlu region were classified as non-saline and that the soils did not have any problems in terms of salinity.
Keyword : Eastern Mediterranean soils, soil salinity, GIS mapping
How to Cite
Gürler, K., & Yalçın, M. (2024). Mapping the salinity status of agricultural soils between Kırıkhan-Kumlu in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 32(2), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2024.20967
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Atasoy, A. (2017). Soıl geography of the dıstrıct of Hassa (Hatay). The Journal of International Social Research, 10(48), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1498
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Erşahin, S., Ozcan, H., Uysal, M., & Ozkutlu, F. (2014). Assessment of soil salinization and sodification in the Çukurova region (Turkey) by using different methods. Land Degradation & Development, 25(4), 407–416.
Eyüboğlu, F. (1999). Türkiye topraklarının verimlilik durumu. Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. https://kutuphane.tarimorman.gov.tr/vufind/Record/12494#description
Geçen, R., & Bingöl, O. (2019). Admınıstratıve boundry problems in kumlu district (Hatay) and solution proposal. The Journal of International Social Research, 12(67), 306–316. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3720
Göktürk, E., Canakci, M., & Zengin, M. (2019). A study on the determination of some physical and chemical properties of agricultural soils in the Kırıkhan-Kumlu region, Hatay. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25(1), 1–7.
Gupta, A., Singh, A. K., & Singh, R. P. (2017). Assessment of soil salinity using electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium percentage. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 16(1), 51–58.
Güngörmüş, E., Yıldırım, F., & Kan, İ. (2010). Düziçi ilçesi tarım arazilerinin tuzluluk oranı, tuz birikim hızı ve tuzlu türler açısından incelenmesi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 69–75.
Keskin, B., Akça, E., & Güney, F. (2007). Evaluation of soil salinity in the Gediz River Basin (Turkey) using different interpolation techniques. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(2).
Karakayacı, Z., & Oğuz, C. (2007, 30 Ekim–02 Kasım). Tarım arazilerinin değerlemesinde coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinin uygulanması. Ulusal Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kongresi, Trabzon.
Karaoğlu, M., & Yalçın, A. M. (2018). Toprak tuzluluğu ve ığdır ovası örneği. Journal of Agriculture, 1(1), 27–41.
Knudsen, D., Peterson, G. A., & Pratt, P. F. (1982). Lithium, sodium, and potassium. In A. L. Page (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis: Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd ed., pp. 225–246). American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c13
Koç, D. L., & Kanber, R. (2020). Tuzlu-sodyumlu helvacı serisi topraklarının tuzluluk ve sodyumluluk belirteçlerinin değişimi. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg, 23(4), 1064–1077. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.597992
Mohamed, M. E., Ibrahim, M. E., & Babiker, I. S. (2015). Soil salinity and exchangeable sodium and potassium contents in the irrigated areas of Rahad Scheme, Sudan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 17(5), 1077–1083.
Özdemir, Ş., Günay, H., Acir, N., Arslan, H., Özaydın, K. A., Kahyaoğlu, S. E., & Ağar, A. M. (2019). Çerikli Sulama sahasında toprak tuzluluğunun tahmininde deterministik ve stokastik enterpolasyon yöntemlerinin kullanımı. Toprak Su Dergisi, 8(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.21657/topraksu.544699
Özcan, H. K., Karaman, M. R., & Aydın, H. (2011). İzmir güneybatısı topraklarında farklı derinliklerde toprak özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 48(3), 167–174.
Özçelik, M., Taş, İ., Efe, Ş., & Sağlam, M. (2016). Soil properties affecting soil salinity in the agricultural lands of the Çumra district in Konya, Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 30(1), 81–88.
Öztekin, G. B., Karagöz, K., & Günal, H. (2016). Hatay ili Belen ilçesi tarım topraklarında bazı toprak özelliklerinin jeoistatistik yöntemlerle incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 31–38.
Öztürk Çoşar, G., & Engindeniz, S. (2011). Tarım arazilerinin değerlendirilmesinde coğrafi bilgi sisteminden yararlanma olanakları. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 48(3), 283–290.
Özşahin, E. (2011). Antakya şehri ve jeomorfolojik birimler arasındaki ilişkinin zamansal değişimi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Coğrafya Bölümü, Hatay.
Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and ımprovement of saline and alkali soils. United States Department of Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195408000-00012
Rhoades, J. D. (1982). Cation exchange capacity. In A. L. Page (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis: Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd ed., No. 9, Part 2, pp. 149–157). The American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c8
Rhoades, J. D., Chanduvi, F., & Lesch, S. (1999). Soil salinity assessment, methods and ınterpretation of electrical conductivity measurements. Food and Agriculture Orginization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Şahin, U., Başaran, M., & Gökalp, Z. (2016). Analysis of soil salinity in different land uses in a Mediterranean basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(3), Article 172.
Şenol, H., Şenol, S. G., & Demir, M. (2017). The relationship between soil salinity and some soil properties in the agricultural soils of Çukurova region. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 31(1), 1–10.
Turan, M. A., Katkat, A. V., Özsoy, G., & Taban, S. (2010). Bursa ili alüviyal tarım topraklarının verimlilik durumları ve potansiyel beslenme sorunlarının belirlenmesi. U. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 115–130.
Türkmenoğlu, A. G., Akbaş, F., & Türkmenoğlu, İ. (2014). Investigation of the relation between SAR, ESP and EC parameters in irrigated soils in Harran Plain, Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 23(12), 3212–3220.
Wang, Q., Li, Z., Fan, M., Yang, Y., Chen, Y., Hu, F., & Zhang, F. (2020). Cation exchange capacity in soils with different clay mineralogy and land uses in China. Geoderma, 375, Article 114482.
Wei, Q., Nurmemet, I., Gao, M., & Xie, B. (2022). Inversion of soil salinity using multisource remote sensing data and particle swarm machine learning models in Keriya Oasis, northwestern China. Remote Sensing, 14(3), Article 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030512
Yalçın, M., & Çimrin, K. M. (2021a). Hatay ili Kırıkhan-Reyhanlı bölgesi topraklarının besin elementi durumları ve bunların bazı toprak özellikleri ile ilişkileri. ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(4), 773–785. https://doi.org/10.46291/ISPECJASvol5iss4pp773-785
Yalçın, M., & Çimrin, K. M. (2021b). Hatay ili Arsuz ilçesi topraklarının besin elementi durumları ve bunların bazı toprak özellikleri ile ilişkileri. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(3), 586–599. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.940809
Yomralıoğlu, T. (2003, 24-25-26 Eylül). Coğrafi bilgi sistemi politikası. TUJK 2003 Yılı Bilimsel Toplantısı, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ve Jeodezik Ağlar Çalıştayı, Konya.
Yüksel, A., Gundogan, R., Kaya, Z., & Basaran, M. (2011). Soil salinity and alkalinity in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 177(1–4), 117–132.
Yüksel, O., Karaca, A., & Üstün, H. (2016). Impact of irrigation water quality on soil salinity in Konya Closed Basin. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi-Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 22(3), 344–352.
Zhang, M., Li, X., Li, B., Li, Z., Wang, S., Liu, X., & Li, H. (2017). Soil cation exchange capacity and base saturation in China: Spatial patterns and environmental covariates. Science of the Total Environment, 609, 572–580.
AbdelRahman, M. A. E., Afifi, A. A., D’Antonio, P., Gabr, S. S., & Scopa, A. (2022b). Detecting and mapping salt-affected soil with arid integrated indices in feature space using multi-temporal Landsat imagery. Remote Sensing, 14, Article 2599. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112599
Aboelsoud, H. M., & AbdelRahman, M. A. E. (2017). Rapid field technique for soil salinity appraisal in North Nile Delta using EM38 through some empirical relations. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 14(5), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJPSS/2017/30858
Açıkel, K., & Yalçın, M. (2021). Hatay ili Reyhanlı-Kumlu bölgesi topraklarının yarayışlı bor içeriği ve bazı toprak özellikleri ile ilişkilerinin belirlenmesi. MAS Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(3), 551–563.
Akgül, H. (2003). Tuzluluk. Ziraat Mühendisleri Dergisi, 340, 1–10.
Aksoy, E., Dursun, A., & Sönmez, B. (2019). Effect of irrigation water quality on soil properties in some agricultural lands in Bursa province. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 7(6), 952–958.
Ali, R. R., Abd El-Kader, A. A., Essa, E. F., & AbdelRahman, M. A. E. (2019). Application of remote sensing to determine spatial changes in soil properties and wheat productivity under salinity stress. Plant Archives, 19(Suppl. 1), 616–621.
Anonymous. (2020). Sosyal ve coğrafi durum. T.C. Hatay Valiliği. http://www.hatay.gov.tr/sosyal-ve-cografi-durum
Anonymous. (2021). 2020 yılı iklim değerlendirmesi. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
Arslan, M., Çetin, S., & Erdurmuş, C. (2013). Tuz stresinin bitki gelişimindeki olumsuz etkileri ve bazı yem bitkilerinin tuzluluk toleransları. Ziraat Mühendisliği, 360, 32–39.
Atasoy, A. (2017). Soıl geography of the dıstrıct of Hassa (Hatay). The Journal of International Social Research, 10(48), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1498
Awad-Allah, E. F. A., Attia, M. G., & Mahdy, A. M. (2020). Salinity stress alleviation by foliar bio-stimulant, proline and potassium nutrition promotes growth and yield quality of garlic plant. Open Journal of Soil Science, 10, 443–458. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2020.109023
Aydemir, S., Dursun, S., & Saruhan, V. (2017). Determination of soil properties affecting soil-crop relationships in Erzurum, Turkey. Catena, 153, 226–233.
Aydin, M., Özcan, H., & Aşkın, T. (2016). Effects of soil salinity on some soil properties in agricultural lands of Konya, Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 25(10), 4354–4360.
Bower, C. A. (1959). Cation exchange equilibrium in soils affected by sodium salts. Soil Science, 88(1), 32–35. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195907000-00006
Canbolat, M. A., & Bilen, S. (2010). The relationship between some soil properties and soil salinity in Konya region. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(1), 28–32.
Düzgüneş, O., Kesici, T., Kavuncu, O., & Gürbüz, F. (1987). Araştırma deneme metotları (istatistik metotları-II). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi.
Erşahin, S., Ozcan, H., Uysal, M., & Ozkutlu, F. (2014). Assessment of soil salinization and sodification in the Çukurova region (Turkey) by using different methods. Land Degradation & Development, 25(4), 407–416.
Eyüboğlu, F. (1999). Türkiye topraklarının verimlilik durumu. Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. https://kutuphane.tarimorman.gov.tr/vufind/Record/12494#description
Geçen, R., & Bingöl, O. (2019). Admınıstratıve boundry problems in kumlu district (Hatay) and solution proposal. The Journal of International Social Research, 12(67), 306–316. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3720
Göktürk, E., Canakci, M., & Zengin, M. (2019). A study on the determination of some physical and chemical properties of agricultural soils in the Kırıkhan-Kumlu region, Hatay. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25(1), 1–7.
Gupta, A., Singh, A. K., & Singh, R. P. (2017). Assessment of soil salinity using electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium percentage. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 16(1), 51–58.
Güngörmüş, E., Yıldırım, F., & Kan, İ. (2010). Düziçi ilçesi tarım arazilerinin tuzluluk oranı, tuz birikim hızı ve tuzlu türler açısından incelenmesi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 69–75.
Keskin, B., Akça, E., & Güney, F. (2007). Evaluation of soil salinity in the Gediz River Basin (Turkey) using different interpolation techniques. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(2).
Karakayacı, Z., & Oğuz, C. (2007, 30 Ekim–02 Kasım). Tarım arazilerinin değerlemesinde coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinin uygulanması. Ulusal Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kongresi, Trabzon.
Karaoğlu, M., & Yalçın, A. M. (2018). Toprak tuzluluğu ve ığdır ovası örneği. Journal of Agriculture, 1(1), 27–41.
Knudsen, D., Peterson, G. A., & Pratt, P. F. (1982). Lithium, sodium, and potassium. In A. L. Page (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis: Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd ed., pp. 225–246). American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c13
Koç, D. L., & Kanber, R. (2020). Tuzlu-sodyumlu helvacı serisi topraklarının tuzluluk ve sodyumluluk belirteçlerinin değişimi. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg, 23(4), 1064–1077. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.597992
Mohamed, M. E., Ibrahim, M. E., & Babiker, I. S. (2015). Soil salinity and exchangeable sodium and potassium contents in the irrigated areas of Rahad Scheme, Sudan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 17(5), 1077–1083.
Özdemir, Ş., Günay, H., Acir, N., Arslan, H., Özaydın, K. A., Kahyaoğlu, S. E., & Ağar, A. M. (2019). Çerikli Sulama sahasında toprak tuzluluğunun tahmininde deterministik ve stokastik enterpolasyon yöntemlerinin kullanımı. Toprak Su Dergisi, 8(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.21657/topraksu.544699
Özcan, H. K., Karaman, M. R., & Aydın, H. (2011). İzmir güneybatısı topraklarında farklı derinliklerde toprak özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 48(3), 167–174.
Özçelik, M., Taş, İ., Efe, Ş., & Sağlam, M. (2016). Soil properties affecting soil salinity in the agricultural lands of the Çumra district in Konya, Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 30(1), 81–88.
Öztekin, G. B., Karagöz, K., & Günal, H. (2016). Hatay ili Belen ilçesi tarım topraklarında bazı toprak özelliklerinin jeoistatistik yöntemlerle incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 31–38.
Öztürk Çoşar, G., & Engindeniz, S. (2011). Tarım arazilerinin değerlendirilmesinde coğrafi bilgi sisteminden yararlanma olanakları. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 48(3), 283–290.
Özşahin, E. (2011). Antakya şehri ve jeomorfolojik birimler arasındaki ilişkinin zamansal değişimi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Coğrafya Bölümü, Hatay.
Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and ımprovement of saline and alkali soils. United States Department of Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195408000-00012
Rhoades, J. D. (1982). Cation exchange capacity. In A. L. Page (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis: Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd ed., No. 9, Part 2, pp. 149–157). The American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c8
Rhoades, J. D., Chanduvi, F., & Lesch, S. (1999). Soil salinity assessment, methods and ınterpretation of electrical conductivity measurements. Food and Agriculture Orginization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Şahin, U., Başaran, M., & Gökalp, Z. (2016). Analysis of soil salinity in different land uses in a Mediterranean basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(3), Article 172.
Şenol, H., Şenol, S. G., & Demir, M. (2017). The relationship between soil salinity and some soil properties in the agricultural soils of Çukurova region. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 31(1), 1–10.
Turan, M. A., Katkat, A. V., Özsoy, G., & Taban, S. (2010). Bursa ili alüviyal tarım topraklarının verimlilik durumları ve potansiyel beslenme sorunlarının belirlenmesi. U. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 115–130.
Türkmenoğlu, A. G., Akbaş, F., & Türkmenoğlu, İ. (2014). Investigation of the relation between SAR, ESP and EC parameters in irrigated soils in Harran Plain, Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 23(12), 3212–3220.
Wang, Q., Li, Z., Fan, M., Yang, Y., Chen, Y., Hu, F., & Zhang, F. (2020). Cation exchange capacity in soils with different clay mineralogy and land uses in China. Geoderma, 375, Article 114482.
Wei, Q., Nurmemet, I., Gao, M., & Xie, B. (2022). Inversion of soil salinity using multisource remote sensing data and particle swarm machine learning models in Keriya Oasis, northwestern China. Remote Sensing, 14(3), Article 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030512
Yalçın, M., & Çimrin, K. M. (2021a). Hatay ili Kırıkhan-Reyhanlı bölgesi topraklarının besin elementi durumları ve bunların bazı toprak özellikleri ile ilişkileri. ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(4), 773–785. https://doi.org/10.46291/ISPECJASvol5iss4pp773-785
Yalçın, M., & Çimrin, K. M. (2021b). Hatay ili Arsuz ilçesi topraklarının besin elementi durumları ve bunların bazı toprak özellikleri ile ilişkileri. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(3), 586–599. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.940809
Yomralıoğlu, T. (2003, 24-25-26 Eylül). Coğrafi bilgi sistemi politikası. TUJK 2003 Yılı Bilimsel Toplantısı, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ve Jeodezik Ağlar Çalıştayı, Konya.
Yüksel, A., Gundogan, R., Kaya, Z., & Basaran, M. (2011). Soil salinity and alkalinity in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 177(1–4), 117–132.
Yüksel, O., Karaca, A., & Üstün, H. (2016). Impact of irrigation water quality on soil salinity in Konya Closed Basin. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi-Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 22(3), 344–352.
Zhang, M., Li, X., Li, B., Li, Z., Wang, S., Liu, X., & Li, H. (2017). Soil cation exchange capacity and base saturation in China: Spatial patterns and environmental covariates. Science of the Total Environment, 609, 572–580.