Cement stabilization treatment of lead and naphthalene contaminated lateritic soils
Abstract
This article presents an investigation on the influence of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as a binder in the stabilization treatment of lateritic soil contaminated with lead or naphthalene. To evaluate the performance of the binder, the contaminated soils were tested for mechanical strength and environmental performance before and after the stabilization treatment. Results showed that the strength as inferred from the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and cohesion values increased with the addition of the binder. Cement stabilization of the lead contaminated samples also prompted a reduction in the release of lead below the admissible limit during the leaching test. Cement stabilization of the naphthalene contaminated samples, on the other hand, could not contain the release of naphthalene below the regulatory level during the leaching test. The batch equilibrium adsorption test (BEAT) showed that cement stabilization increased the adsorption capacity of the soil for the contaminants.
Keyword : batch adsorption, cement, compressive strength, leaching, soil contamination, stabilization
How to Cite
Oluwatuyi, O. E., Ashaka, E. C., & Ojuri, O. O. (2019). Cement stabilization treatment of lead and naphthalene contaminated lateritic soils. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 27(1), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2019.7778
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Bojes, H. K., & Pope, P. G. (2007). Characterization of EPA’s 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tank bottom solids and associated contaminated soils at oil exploration and production sites in Texas. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 47(3), 288-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.11.007
British Standards Institution. (1990). Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes (BS 1377). London: British Standards Institution.
Crane, R. E., Cassidy, D. P., & Srivastava, V. J. (2014). Activated carbon preconditioning to reduce contaminant leaching in cement-based stabilization of soils. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 140(10), 04014032-040140327. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000868
Defra, & Environment Agency. (2003). Contaminants in soil: collation of toxicological data and intake values for humans. Naphthalene. R&D Publication TOX 20. Swindon: The R&D Dissemination Centre, WRC plc.
De Matos, A. T., Fontes, M. P. F., Da Costa, L. M., & Martinez, M. A. (2001). Mobility of heavy metals as related to soil chemical and mineralogical characteristics of Brazilian soils. Environmental Pollution, 111(3), 429-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00088-9
Du, Y. J., Jiang, N. J., Liu, S. Y., Jin, F., Singh, D. N., & Puppala, A. J. (2013). Engineering properties and microstructural characteristics of cement-stabilized zinc-contaminated kaolin. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 51(3), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0177
Du, Y. J., Wei, M. L., Reddy, K. R., Liu, Z. P., & Jin, F. (2014). Effect of acid rain pH on leaching behavior of cement stabilized lead-contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 271, 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.002
Environment Agency. (2003). Review of the fate and transport of selected contaminants in the soil environment (R&D technical report P5-079/TR1). Bristol: Environment Agency.
Falciglia, P. P., Al-Tabbaa, A., & Vagliasindi, F. G. (2014). Devel¬opment of a performance threshold approach for identifying the management options for stabilisation/solidification of lead polluted soils. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 22(2), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2013.821070
Galvín, A. P., Ayuso, J., Jiménez, J. R., & Agrela, F. (2012). Comparison of batch leaching tests and influence of pH on the release of metals from construction and demolition wastes. Waste Management, 32(1), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.010
Hebatpuria, V. M., Arafat, H. A., Bishop, P. L., & Pinto, N. G. (1999). Leaching behavior of selected aromatics in cement-based solidification / stabilization under different leaching tests. Environmental Engineering Science, 16(6), 451-463. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.1999.16.451
Holt, D. G. A., Jefferson, I., Braithwaite, P. A., & Chapman, D. N. (2010). Embedding sustainability into geotechnics. Part A: Methodology. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers–Engineering Sustainability, 163(3), 127-135. https://doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2010.163.3.127
Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council [ITRC]. (2011). Development of performance specifications for stabilization/solidification. Retrieved from https://www.itrcweb.org/documents/solidification_stabilization/ss-1.pdf
Kan, A. T., & Tomson, M. B. (1990). Ground water transport of hydrophobic organic compounds in the presence of dissolved organic matter. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9(3), 253-263. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620090302
Kogbara, R. B., Al-Tabbaa, A. Yi. Y., & Stegemann, J. A. (2013). Cement–fly ashstabilisation / solidification of contaminated soil: Performance properties and initiation of operating en¬velopes. Applied Geochemistry, 33, 64-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.02.001
Liang, C., & Guo, Y. Y. (2010). Mass transfer and chemical oxidation of naphthalene particles with zerovalent iron activated persulfate. Environmental Science and Technology, 44(21), 8203-8208. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903411a
Mckinley, J. D., Thomas, H. R., Williams, K. P., & Reid, J. M. (2001). Chemical analysis of contaminated soil strengthened by the addition of lime. Engineering Geology, 60(1), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(00)00100-9
Ojuri, O. O., Ola, S. A., Fadugba, O. G., & Uduebor, M. A. (2014, November). Site remediation in Nigeria: proven and innova¬tive technologies (Recovery of free hydrocarbon from soil/groundwater). In GEOMATE 2014 (pp. 19-21). Brisbane, Australia: University of Southern Queensland.
Ojuri, O. O., & Oluwatuyi, O. E. (2014). Strength characteristics of lead and hydrocarbon contaminated lateritic soils stabilized with lime-rice husk ash. Electronic Journal of Geotechni¬cal Engineering, 19, 10027-10042.
Ojuri, O. O., Taiwo, O. A., & Oluwatuyi, O. E. (2016). Heavy metal migration along a rural highway route: Ilesha-Akure roadside soil, Southwestern, Nigeria. Global Nest Journal 18(4), 742-760. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.001997
Ojuri, O. O., Akinwumi, I. I., & Oluwatuyi, O. E. (2017). Nigerian lateritic clay soils as hydraulic barriers to adsorb metals. Geotechnical characterization and chemical compatibility. Environment Protection Engineering, 43(4), 209-222.
Ojuri, O. O., & Oluwatuyi, O. E. (2018). Compacted sawdust ash-lime stabilised soil-based hydraulic barriers for waste containment. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers–Waste and Resource Management, 171(2), 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1680/jwarm.17.00037
Oluwatuyi, O. E., & Ojuri, O. O. (2017). Environmental performance of lime–rice husk ash stabilized lateritic soil contaminated with lead or naphthalene. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 35(6), 2947-2964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0294-9
Oluwatuyi, O. E., Adeola, B. O., Alhassan, E. A., Nnochiri, E. S., Modupe, A. E., Elemile, O. O., Obayanju, T., & Akerele, G. (2018). Ameliorating effect of milled eggshell on cement stabilized lateritic soil for highway construction. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 9, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.e00191
Park, I., & Knaebel, K. S. (1992). Adsorption breakthrough behavior: unusual effects and possible causes. AIChE Journal, 38(5), 660-670. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690380504
Ragnvaldsson, D., Berglind, R., Tysklind, M., & Leffler, P. (2007). Environmental hazard screening of a metal-polluted site using pressurized liquid extraction and two in vitro bioassays. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 36(6), 494-501. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[494:EHSOAM]2.0.CO,2
Siebielec, G., & Chaney, R. L. (2012). Testing amendments for remediation of military range contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Management, 108, 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.028
Sollars, C. J., & Perry, R. (1989). Cement‐based stabilization of wastes: practical and theoretical considerations. Water and Environment Journal, 3(2), 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01500.x
Squillace, P. J., Moran, M. J., Lapham, W. W., Price, C. V., Clawges, R. M., & Zogorski, J. S. (1999). Volatile organic compounds in untreated ambient groundwater of the United States, 1985−1995. Environmental Science & Technology, 33(23), 4176-4187. https://doi.org/10.1021/es990234m
Stegemann, J. A., & Cote, P. L. (1996). A proposed protocol for evaluation of solidified wastes. Science of the Total Environment, 178(1-3), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04802-2
Tang, I. Y., Yan, D. Y., Lo, I. M., & Liu, T. (2015). Pulverized fuel ash solidification/stabilization of waste: comparison between beneficial reuse of contaminated marine mud and sediment. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 23(3), 202-210. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2015.1021699
Trussell, S., & Spence, R. D. (1994). A review of solidification/stabilization interferences. Waste Management, 14(6), 507-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-053X(94)90134-1
Uduebor, M. A., & Ola, S. A. (2016). Hydrocarbon remediation by natural attenuation at Baruwa, Lagos Nigeria. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 21, 501-512.
United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. (1998). Method 1311, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, SW-846: Test methods for evaluating solid waste physical/chemical methods. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. (2000). Solidification/Stabilization use at superfund sites. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. (2009). Technology performance review: Selecting and using solidification/stabilization treatment for site remediation. (Rep. No. EPA/600/R 09/148). USEPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office Research Development, Washington, DC.
Wang, D., Abriak, & N. E., Zentar, R. (2013). Strength and deformation properties of Dunkirk marine sediments solidified with cement, lime and fly ash. Engineering Geology, 166, 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.09.007
Wang, D. X., Abriak, N. E., Zentar, R., & Xu, W. (2012). Solidification / stabilization of dredged marine sediments for road construction. Environmental Technology, 33(1), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.551840
Wang, S., Sheng, Y., Feng, M., Leszczynski, J., Wang, L., Tachikawa, H., & Yu, H. (2007). Light induced cytotoxicity of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the US EPA priority pollutant list in human skin HaCaT keratinocytes: relationship between phototoxicity and excited state properties. Environmental Toxicology, 22(3), 318-327. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20241
Wang, F., Wang, H., Jin, F., & Al-Tabbaa, A. (2015). The performance of blended conventional and novel binders in the in-situstabilisation/solidification of a contaminated site soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 285, 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.002
Wheeler, P. (1995). Leach repellant. Ground Engineering, 28(5), 20-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(95)99665-K
Yan, D. Y., & Lo, I. M. (2013). Removal effectiveness and mechanisms of naphthalene and heavy metals from artificially contaminated soil by iron chelate-activated persulfate. Environmental Pollution, 178, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.030
Yin, C. Y., Mahmud, H. B., & Shaaban, M. G. (2006). Stabilization/solidification of lead- contaminated soil using cement and rice husk ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137(3), 1758-1764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.05.013
Zhang, Z., Guo, G., Teng, Y., Wang, J., Rhee, J. S., Wang, S., & Li, F. (2015). Screening and assessment of solidification/stabilization amendments suitable for soils of lead-acid battery contaminated site. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 288, 140-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.015
Antemir, A., Hills, C. D., Carey, P. J., Magnié, M. C., & Polettini, A. (2010). Investigation of 4-year-old stabilised/solidified and accelerated carbonated contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181(1-3), 543-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.048
Bojes, H. K., & Pope, P. G. (2007). Characterization of EPA’s 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tank bottom solids and associated contaminated soils at oil exploration and production sites in Texas. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 47(3), 288-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.11.007
British Standards Institution. (1990). Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes (BS 1377). London: British Standards Institution.
Crane, R. E., Cassidy, D. P., & Srivastava, V. J. (2014). Activated carbon preconditioning to reduce contaminant leaching in cement-based stabilization of soils. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 140(10), 04014032-040140327. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000868
Defra, & Environment Agency. (2003). Contaminants in soil: collation of toxicological data and intake values for humans. Naphthalene. R&D Publication TOX 20. Swindon: The R&D Dissemination Centre, WRC plc.
De Matos, A. T., Fontes, M. P. F., Da Costa, L. M., & Martinez, M. A. (2001). Mobility of heavy metals as related to soil chemical and mineralogical characteristics of Brazilian soils. Environmental Pollution, 111(3), 429-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00088-9
Du, Y. J., Jiang, N. J., Liu, S. Y., Jin, F., Singh, D. N., & Puppala, A. J. (2013). Engineering properties and microstructural characteristics of cement-stabilized zinc-contaminated kaolin. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 51(3), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0177
Du, Y. J., Wei, M. L., Reddy, K. R., Liu, Z. P., & Jin, F. (2014). Effect of acid rain pH on leaching behavior of cement stabilized lead-contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 271, 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.002
Environment Agency. (2003). Review of the fate and transport of selected contaminants in the soil environment (R&D technical report P5-079/TR1). Bristol: Environment Agency.
Falciglia, P. P., Al-Tabbaa, A., & Vagliasindi, F. G. (2014). Devel¬opment of a performance threshold approach for identifying the management options for stabilisation/solidification of lead polluted soils. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 22(2), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2013.821070
Galvín, A. P., Ayuso, J., Jiménez, J. R., & Agrela, F. (2012). Comparison of batch leaching tests and influence of pH on the release of metals from construction and demolition wastes. Waste Management, 32(1), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.010
Hebatpuria, V. M., Arafat, H. A., Bishop, P. L., & Pinto, N. G. (1999). Leaching behavior of selected aromatics in cement-based solidification / stabilization under different leaching tests. Environmental Engineering Science, 16(6), 451-463. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.1999.16.451
Holt, D. G. A., Jefferson, I., Braithwaite, P. A., & Chapman, D. N. (2010). Embedding sustainability into geotechnics. Part A: Methodology. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers–Engineering Sustainability, 163(3), 127-135. https://doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2010.163.3.127
Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council [ITRC]. (2011). Development of performance specifications for stabilization/solidification. Retrieved from https://www.itrcweb.org/documents/solidification_stabilization/ss-1.pdf
Kan, A. T., & Tomson, M. B. (1990). Ground water transport of hydrophobic organic compounds in the presence of dissolved organic matter. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9(3), 253-263. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620090302
Kogbara, R. B., Al-Tabbaa, A. Yi. Y., & Stegemann, J. A. (2013). Cement–fly ashstabilisation / solidification of contaminated soil: Performance properties and initiation of operating en¬velopes. Applied Geochemistry, 33, 64-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.02.001
Liang, C., & Guo, Y. Y. (2010). Mass transfer and chemical oxidation of naphthalene particles with zerovalent iron activated persulfate. Environmental Science and Technology, 44(21), 8203-8208. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903411a
Mckinley, J. D., Thomas, H. R., Williams, K. P., & Reid, J. M. (2001). Chemical analysis of contaminated soil strengthened by the addition of lime. Engineering Geology, 60(1), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(00)00100-9
Ojuri, O. O., Ola, S. A., Fadugba, O. G., & Uduebor, M. A. (2014, November). Site remediation in Nigeria: proven and innova¬tive technologies (Recovery of free hydrocarbon from soil/groundwater). In GEOMATE 2014 (pp. 19-21). Brisbane, Australia: University of Southern Queensland.
Ojuri, O. O., & Oluwatuyi, O. E. (2014). Strength characteristics of lead and hydrocarbon contaminated lateritic soils stabilized with lime-rice husk ash. Electronic Journal of Geotechni¬cal Engineering, 19, 10027-10042.
Ojuri, O. O., Taiwo, O. A., & Oluwatuyi, O. E. (2016). Heavy metal migration along a rural highway route: Ilesha-Akure roadside soil, Southwestern, Nigeria. Global Nest Journal 18(4), 742-760. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.001997
Ojuri, O. O., Akinwumi, I. I., & Oluwatuyi, O. E. (2017). Nigerian lateritic clay soils as hydraulic barriers to adsorb metals. Geotechnical characterization and chemical compatibility. Environment Protection Engineering, 43(4), 209-222.
Ojuri, O. O., & Oluwatuyi, O. E. (2018). Compacted sawdust ash-lime stabilised soil-based hydraulic barriers for waste containment. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers–Waste and Resource Management, 171(2), 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1680/jwarm.17.00037
Oluwatuyi, O. E., & Ojuri, O. O. (2017). Environmental performance of lime–rice husk ash stabilized lateritic soil contaminated with lead or naphthalene. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 35(6), 2947-2964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0294-9
Oluwatuyi, O. E., Adeola, B. O., Alhassan, E. A., Nnochiri, E. S., Modupe, A. E., Elemile, O. O., Obayanju, T., & Akerele, G. (2018). Ameliorating effect of milled eggshell on cement stabilized lateritic soil for highway construction. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 9, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.e00191
Park, I., & Knaebel, K. S. (1992). Adsorption breakthrough behavior: unusual effects and possible causes. AIChE Journal, 38(5), 660-670. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690380504
Ragnvaldsson, D., Berglind, R., Tysklind, M., & Leffler, P. (2007). Environmental hazard screening of a metal-polluted site using pressurized liquid extraction and two in vitro bioassays. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 36(6), 494-501. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[494:EHSOAM]2.0.CO,2
Siebielec, G., & Chaney, R. L. (2012). Testing amendments for remediation of military range contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Management, 108, 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.028
Sollars, C. J., & Perry, R. (1989). Cement‐based stabilization of wastes: practical and theoretical considerations. Water and Environment Journal, 3(2), 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01500.x
Squillace, P. J., Moran, M. J., Lapham, W. W., Price, C. V., Clawges, R. M., & Zogorski, J. S. (1999). Volatile organic compounds in untreated ambient groundwater of the United States, 1985−1995. Environmental Science & Technology, 33(23), 4176-4187. https://doi.org/10.1021/es990234m
Stegemann, J. A., & Cote, P. L. (1996). A proposed protocol for evaluation of solidified wastes. Science of the Total Environment, 178(1-3), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04802-2
Tang, I. Y., Yan, D. Y., Lo, I. M., & Liu, T. (2015). Pulverized fuel ash solidification/stabilization of waste: comparison between beneficial reuse of contaminated marine mud and sediment. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 23(3), 202-210. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2015.1021699
Trussell, S., & Spence, R. D. (1994). A review of solidification/stabilization interferences. Waste Management, 14(6), 507-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-053X(94)90134-1
Uduebor, M. A., & Ola, S. A. (2016). Hydrocarbon remediation by natural attenuation at Baruwa, Lagos Nigeria. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 21, 501-512.
United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. (1998). Method 1311, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, SW-846: Test methods for evaluating solid waste physical/chemical methods. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. (2000). Solidification/Stabilization use at superfund sites. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. (2009). Technology performance review: Selecting and using solidification/stabilization treatment for site remediation. (Rep. No. EPA/600/R 09/148). USEPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office Research Development, Washington, DC.
Wang, D., Abriak, & N. E., Zentar, R. (2013). Strength and deformation properties of Dunkirk marine sediments solidified with cement, lime and fly ash. Engineering Geology, 166, 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.09.007
Wang, D. X., Abriak, N. E., Zentar, R., & Xu, W. (2012). Solidification / stabilization of dredged marine sediments for road construction. Environmental Technology, 33(1), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.551840
Wang, S., Sheng, Y., Feng, M., Leszczynski, J., Wang, L., Tachikawa, H., & Yu, H. (2007). Light induced cytotoxicity of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the US EPA priority pollutant list in human skin HaCaT keratinocytes: relationship between phototoxicity and excited state properties. Environmental Toxicology, 22(3), 318-327. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20241
Wang, F., Wang, H., Jin, F., & Al-Tabbaa, A. (2015). The performance of blended conventional and novel binders in the in-situstabilisation/solidification of a contaminated site soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 285, 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.002
Wheeler, P. (1995). Leach repellant. Ground Engineering, 28(5), 20-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(95)99665-K
Yan, D. Y., & Lo, I. M. (2013). Removal effectiveness and mechanisms of naphthalene and heavy metals from artificially contaminated soil by iron chelate-activated persulfate. Environmental Pollution, 178, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.030
Yin, C. Y., Mahmud, H. B., & Shaaban, M. G. (2006). Stabilization/solidification of lead- contaminated soil using cement and rice husk ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137(3), 1758-1764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.05.013
Zhang, Z., Guo, G., Teng, Y., Wang, J., Rhee, J. S., Wang, S., & Li, F. (2015). Screening and assessment of solidification/stabilization amendments suitable for soils of lead-acid battery contaminated site. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 288, 140-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.015